Deck 2: Racisms, Racial Ideologies, and Sociological Theories of Racism

Question 1

Audit studies have shown that Nlacks are less likely than Whites to be interviewed, and once interviewed, to get a job.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

One way that individual racism persists, even in a society that decries racism, is through racial projects.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Asian Americans are the one non-White group that doesn't face discrimination.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Many Americans, even those who do not believe they are racially prejudiced, have implicit biases that operate at the level of the subconscious.

Question 5

According to Smith (2012), genocide, as a pillar of White supremacy, is rooted in colonialism.

Question 6

Almost all victims of police brutality are Black or Latino.

Question 7

The pervasiveness of everyday acts of discrimination, combined with a legacy of unequal distribution of resources throughout every aspect of U.S. society, constitute individual racism.

Question 8

Studies of institutional racism show that racial inequalities do not reproduce themselves across generations.

Question 9

Native Americans continue to have a unique legal position in the United States- they are both citizens of the United States and of the tribes to which they belong.

Question 10

Today African Americans have, on average, 10 percent of the wealth that Whites have.

Question 11

A person must consider themselves to be racist in order to be influenced by racist ideology.

Question 12

White men are seven times more likely than Black men to go to prison.

Question 13

The authors of The Bell Curve took the fact that Blacks scored lower on intelligence tests than Whites as support for the idea that Blacks are innately inferior to Whites.

Question 14

Ann Ferguson argues that the use of Black English or African American forms of expressiveness will get children in trouble in school.

Question 15

Racial ideologies have largely disappeared over time.

Question 16

_______ is a sociological explanation for how racial inequality is created and reproduced.

A) Color-blind universalism
B) The sociological theory of racism
C) The "abstract liberalism" frame
D) Racialization

Question 17

Mrs. Smith is a teacher who believes that Whites are inherently more intelligent than Blacks. Mrs. Smith's belief is an example of:

A) racial discrimination
B) racialization
C) racial prejudice
D) racial advocacy

Question 18

A White student is recommended for a gifted program over an equally qualified Black student. This decision constitutes:

A) racial discrimination
B) racialization
C) racial prejudice
D) racial advocacy

Question 19

Racially discriminatory actions by individuals, such as a landlord lying about an apartment being taken because the person on the phone has a Spanish accent, constitute:

A) systemic racism
B) structural racism
C) institutional racism
D) individual racism

Question 20

____________ consists of policies, laws, and institutions that reproduce racial inequalities.

A) Systemic racism
B) Structural racism
C) Institutional racism
D) Individual racism

Question 21

Racial discrimination is frowned upon in the United States. However, individual racism persists through:

A) racial affirmations
B) racialization
C) racial microaggressions
D) racial advocacy

Question 22

The criminal justice system is a prime example of __________ as evidenced by the fact that laws are written in ways that discriminate against Blacks, and Blacks are more likely to get harsher sentences.

A) systemic racism
B) structural racism
C) institutional racism
D) individual racism

Question 23

Systemic racism encompasses a diverse assortment of racist practices, inequalities, and ideologies. It includes:

A) patterns of unjust impoverishment of non-Whites
B) vested group interests of Whites to maintain racism
C) routinized discrimination against non-Whites
D) All of the above

Question 24

Joe Feagin explains that systemic racism exists because of:

A) the history of the United States as a slaveholding nation
B) legacies of Spanish colonialism
C) Jim Crow laws
D) backlash to the Civil Rights movement

Question 25

Jen is Korean American and works as a receptionist. Whenever an Asian client is in the office, her boss asks her if she will sit in on the meeting to help translate. Just because she is Asian, she is expected to be able to communicate with any Asian, regardless of what language they actually speak. Jen's experiences are an example of:

A) multiracial miscommunications
B) racial identification
C) microaggressions
D) ethnic assumptions

Question 26

According to Omi and Winant, when is a racial project defined as racist?

A) when it involves at least two social institutions
B) when there is a transition from racial prejudice to racial discrimination
C) when key gatekeepers of resources are all White
D) when they reproduce structures of domination and hegemony

Question 27

Andrea Smith argues that anti-Black racism, genocide, and orientalism are the three pillars of:

A) Neoliberalism
B) racial dominance
C) White supremacy
D) ethnic hegemony

Question 28

In a survey conducted by Joe Feagin, he found that ______ of Whites surveyed agreed with prejudicial statements about Blacks such as "Blacks have less native intelligence" than Whites.

A) 75 percent
B) none
C) 99 percent
D) 5 percent

Question 29

As defined by Omi and Winant, the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed, is called:

A) racial categorization
B) racial identification
C) racial adaptation
D) racial formation

Question 30

To fully understand the experiences of Black and Latina women in a battered women's shelter, we have to look at how race, class, and gender play a role in their need for the shelter's services. When we take these factors into account simultaneously, we are engaging in:

A) racialized thinking
B) intersectionality
C) strategic analytics
D) categorical perspectives

Question 31

Racism encompasses both _________, the belief that people belong to distinct races with innate hierarchical differences that can be measured and judged; and _________, the practice of treating people differently on the basis of their race.

A) racial ideology; racial prejudice
B) racial prejudice; racial discrimination
C) racial prejudice; racial ideology
D) racial discrimination; racial prejudice

Question 32

A set of principles and ideas that divides people into different racial groups and serves the interests of one group is known as:

A) racial ideology
B) systematic racism
C) segregation
D) rhetorical strategy

Question 33

Many scholars make a distinction between ______, which permitted the enslavement of Africans, and _______, in which it is no longer acceptable to make overtly racist statements, yet racial inequality persists.

A) new racism; old racism
B) institutional racism; systemic racism
C) old racism; new racism
D) systemic racism; institutional racism

Question 34

The Bell Curve, in which the authors argue that intelligence is quantifiable and that they found differences in intelligence across racial groups, is one of the most prominent examples of _____ in recent decades.

A) cultural racism
B) biological racism
C) color-blind universalism
D) systemic racism

Question 35

African Americans have a higher unemployment rate than Whites. If someone were to make the argument that African Americans are more likely to be unemployed because African Americans tend to be lazy, this would be an example of:

A) cultural racism
B) biological racism
C) color-blind universalism
D) systemic racism

Question 36

Many schools today are still highly segregated. If someone were to justify school segregation by saying that Black parents like to have their children go to school with other Black children, they would be using a(n) _______ frame of color-blind racism.

A) abstract liberalism
B) minimization of racism
C) cultural racism
D) naturalization

Question 37

______ is the idea that racism has been part of the United States since its founding and that it continues to be reproduced through various institutions, such as the educational system and the criminal justice system.

A) Cultural racism
B) Biological racism
C) New racism
D) Systemic racism

Question 38

___________ refers to the advantages inherent in being categorized as White.

A) White advancement
B) White supremacy
C) White privilege
D) White dominance

Question 39

W. E. B. DuBois argued that White workers received a psychological "wage of whiteness" by:

A) developing working-class solidarity with recently freed Black slaves
B) seeing themselves as White, thereby aligning themselves with the dominant group
C) forming strong labor unions that included Blacks, Asians, and Mexicans
D) All of the above

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of a White privilege?

A) Being able to go shopping alone without being followed or harassed by store clerks
B) Being able to do well in a challenging situation without it being called a credit to your race
C) Being able to choose bandages in "flesh" color and have them more or less match your skin
D) All of the above

Question 41

Ryan pays for his groceries with a credit card and the machine reads "denied." The cashier simply swipes the card again, assuming it must have been a machine error because Ryan is White and the cashier believes that Whites are financially reliable. This scenario demonstrates:

A) the burden of White privilege
B) how White privilege is related to white supremacy
C) social capital
D) how an honorary white can still experience racism

Question 42

Sociologists, including W. E. B. DuBois, claim that there is a "psychological wage of whiteness" and that racism affects everyone, including whites. How might racism affect Whites negatively?

A) Racism has driven a wedge between White and Black laborers who otherwise could have worked together to fight for better conditions.
B) Whites must carry the guilt of having more advantages than any other racial group.
C) Whites have lost out on valuable slots at top universities due to affirmative action.
D) All of the above.

Question 43

Oliver and Shapiro point to three instances of structured inequalities that work together to reproduce wealth inequalities. Which of the following is NOT one of these instances?

A) the suburbanization of Whites and the ghetto-ization of Blacks
B) the outsourcing of low-skilled jobs
C) the transition from slavery to freedom without a material base
D) contemporary institutional racism in lending and real estate

Question 44

Explain the difference between individual racism and institutional racism and provide an example of each.

Question 45

In some states, African American men are imprisoned on drug charges at a rate 50 times the rate of their White counterparts. Use the concept of institutional racism to explain this disparity in incarceration rates.

Question 46

Define systemic racism and identify its core principle. What explanation does Joe Feagin provide for why systemic racism exists in the United States?

Question 47

Define structural racism and explain how Bonilla-Silva's concept of "racialized social systems" is a structural racism perspective.

Question 48

Explain how the concept of racial formation is linked to the concept of a racial project.

Question 49

Identify and discuss the three pillars of White supremacy that Smith describes in her indigenous studies perspective.

Question 50

Describe the concept of intersectionality. What aspects of contemporary racism does this perspective allow us to see that the other perspectives on racism presented in Chapter 2 do not?

Question 51

Define racial ideology. What is its essential purpose?

Question 52

Define prejudice. How does prejudice relate to discrimination?

Question 53

Describe biological racism and provide a concrete example of a contemporary biological racist argument.

Question 54

Compare and contrast cultural racism with biological racism.

Question 55

Define White privilege. Explain how the concept of White privilege is linked to W.E.B. DuBois' notion of a "wage of whiteness."

Question 56

Explain the argument that whiteness is the norm because it is an unmarked identity. Why is it important to think about whiteness if we want to understand racism?

Question 57

Identify a privilege enjoyed by White Americans. Use the concept of white privilege to explain why it might be difficult for a beneficiary of this privilege to recognize it as a privilege.

Question 58

Descibe Kimberle Crenshaw's intersectional explanation of why women of color are over-represented in domestic violence shelters. What would racial justice look like for these women?