Question 1

Compared with exercise in thermoneutral conditions, exercise in hot conditions is associated with...&#10;A) Cardiovascular drift&#10;B) Increased circulating stress hormones and leukocytes&#10;C) Increased reliance on fat as a fuel source&#10;D) Both (a) and (b) are correct&#10;E) All of the above are correct

Accepted Answer

Exercise in hot conditions leads to cardiovascular drift (increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume) as well as increased circulating stress hormones and leukocytes (due to the body's stress response to heat). While exercise in hot conditions does increase reliance on fat as a fuel source, this is not necessarily a unique feature and can occur in both hot and thermoneutral conditions.

Question 2

Tightly controlled laboratory studies show a reductive effect of exercise in the heat on...&#10;A) Neutrophil function&#10;B) Monocyte function&#10;C) Lymphocyte function&#10;D) Mucosal immunity&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

A fever is associated with an increase in endogenous pyrogens including...&#10;A) IL-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-a&#10;B) Cortisol&#10;C) IL-1ra and tumour necrosis factor-a&#10;D) Anti-LPS&#10;E) Nuclear factor-kappa B

Accepted Answer

IL-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-a are all endogenous pyrogens, or substances that can increase body temperature and cause fever. Cortisol and anti-LPS are not typically associated with fever, and while nuclear factor-kappa B is involved in immune responses, it is not specifically linked to fever. IL-1ra is an antagonist of IL-1 and would not cause fever.

Question 4

Exertional heat stroke is a life threatening acute heat illness that occurs whenever core temperature exceeds 40&#176;C during exercise.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exertional heat stroke is a life threatening...

Question 5

Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature of...&#10;A) Less than 35 degrees C&#10;B) Less than 38 degrees C&#10;C) Above 37 degrees C&#10;D) 37 degrees C&#10;E) None of the above is correct

Accepted Answer

Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature less than 35 degrees Celsius.

Question 6

A modest reduction in core temperature can be immunostimulatory.

Accepted Answer

A mild reduction in core temperature can activate immune responses and increase the production of certain immune cells and proteins, thus enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. This phenomenon is known as immune thermo-regulation.

Question 7

A stress NOT found in high mountainous regions is...&#10;A) Hypobaria&#10;B) Hyperbaria&#10;C) Hypoxia&#10;D) Ultraviolet light&#10;E) Cold

Accepted Answer

Hyperbaria is associated with increased pressure, which is not found in high mountainous regions. Hypobaria (low atmospheric pressure) and hypoxia (low oxygen levels) are both stresses commonly found in high mountainous regions. Ultraviolet light can also be a stress at high elevations due to thinner atmosphere and closer proximity to the sun. Cold is also a common stress in high mountainous regions.

Question 8

Most human studies that have examined immune function at altitude have reported...&#10;A) Decreased humoral immunity&#10;B) Increased natural killer cell function&#10;C) Decreased T cell-mediated immune function&#10;D) Increased mucosal immunity&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Most human studies conducted on immune function at altitude have consistently reported a decrease in T cell-mediated immune function.

Question 9

Limited studies show that air pollution causes...&#10;A) Decreased mucosal immunity&#10;B) Decreased natural killer cell function&#10;C) Increased leukocytosis&#10;D) Both (b) and (c) are correct

Accepted Answer

Limited studies show that air pollution causes both decreased natural killer cell function (option B) and increased leukocytosis (option C). However, there is also evidence that air pollution can have impacts on mucosal immunity, making option A a potential correct choice as well.

Question 10

Space flight is associated with...&#10;A) Unaltered mucosal immunity&#10;B) Lowered cell-mediated immunity&#10;C) Increases in stress hormones on re-entry and landing&#10;D) Leukocytosis on re-entry and landing&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Space flight affects the human body in various ways, including lowered cell-mediated immunity, increases in stress hormones upon re-entry and landing, and leukocytosis upon re-entry and landing. Mucosal immunity is also altered, not unaltered, in response to the unique conditions of space flight.

Deck 7: Effect of Extreme Environments on Immune Responses to Exercise