Question 1

Which of the following cell types involved in innate immunity shows the largest increase in circulating numbers (compared with pre-exercise) during recovery from prolonged strenuous exercise?&#10;A) Neutrophils&#10;B) Monocytes&#10;C) Macrophages&#10;D) Natural killer cells&#10;E) Basophils

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are known to increase in circulating numbers during recovery from prolonged strenuous exercise. They are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in innate immunity by phagocytizing and destroying invading pathogens.

Question 2

The number of neutrophils engaging in phagocytosis is decreased by acute exercise but their phagocytic capacity is increased.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 3

Which of the following aspects of neutrophil function is not decreased during intensive exercise?&#10;A) Chemotaxis&#10;B) Phagocytosis&#10;C) LPS-stimulated degranulation&#10;D) Spontaneous degranulation&#10;E) Respiratory burst

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous degranulation of neutrophils is not decreased during intensive exercise, unlike other functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst, which can be impaired.

Question 4

Which of the following is not involved in regulation of innate immune cell function during exercise?&#10;A) Leptin&#10;B) Adrenaline&#10;C) Cortisol&#10;D) IL-6&#10;E) Activated complement proteins

Accepted Answer

Leptin is primarily involved in the regulation of energy balance by inhibiting hunger, which indirectly affects immune function, but it is not directly involved in the regulation of innate immune cell function during exercise like the other options listed.

Question 5

Exercise training increases blood neutrophil counts in those with chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g. people who are obese)

Accepted Answer

Exercise training typically leads to a reduction in systemic inflammation and may not increase blood neutrophil counts. Instead, it can improve immune function and reduce the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and other chronic conditions.

Question 6

Which of the following is an acute-phase protein and increases after prolonged exercise?&#10;A) Insulin&#10;B) C-reactive protein&#10;C) Immunoglobulin A&#10;D) Interleukin 6&#10;E) Haemoglobin

Accepted Answer

C-reactive protein is an acute-phase protein that increases in response to inflammation, including after prolonged exercise.

Question 7

A reduction in the expression of which of the following proteins on the surface of monocytes could explain the exercise-induced depression of both innate and acquired immune cell functions?&#10;A) CD14&#10;B) CD16&#10;C) TLR4&#10;D) TLR9&#10;E) None of the above

Accepted Answer

TLR4 is a key receptor involved in recognizing bacterial products and activating the immune response. Exercise has been shown to downregulate the expression of TLR4 on the surface of monocytes, which could explain the exercise-induced depression of immune cell functions. CD14 and CD16 are also surface proteins on monocytes, but there is no clear evidence that their reduction in expression would explain the observed immune depression. TLR9 is involved in recognizing viral DNA and is not likely to be affected by exercise-induced changes. Therefore, the correct answer is C) TLR4.

Question 8

In response to acute exercise, there is a preferential mobilisation of CD14⁺/CD16⁺ expressing monocytes.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is a preferential mobilisation of CD14⁺/CD16⁺ expressing monocytes in response to acute exercise. These monocytes are believed to have a pro-inflammatory phenotype and are important in the early stages of the immune response.

Question 9

Which of the following macrophage functions is depressed by prolonged exercise?&#10;A) Chemotaxis&#10;B) Phagocytosis&#10;C) Reactive oxygen species production&#10;D) Antigen presentation&#10;E) Anti-tumour activity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following macrophage functions is...

Question 10

Exercise training has consistently been shown to depress natural killer cell numbers and cytolytic activity.

Accepted Answer

Exercise training has actually been shown to enhance natural killer cell numbers and cytolytic activity.

Deck 4: Effects of Exercise on Innate Immune Function