Question 1

Which of the following types of leukocyte shows the largest increase in circulating numbers during prolonged strenuous exercise?&#10;A) Monocytes&#10;B) Lymphocytes&#10;C) Natural killer cells&#10;D) Basophils&#10;E) Neutrophils

Accepted Answer

During prolonged strenuous exercise, neutrophils show the largest increase in circulating numbers. This is due to the release of the stress hormone cortisol which stimulates the release of neutrophils from bone marrow into circulation. Neutrophils are important for immune defense against infection and inflammation, but excessive exercise-induced activation can lead to tissue damage and impair recovery.

Question 2

Which of the following subsets of lymphocyte shows the largest increase in circulating numbers during prolonged strenuous exercise&#10;A) CD8+ T cells&#10;B) &#947;&#948; T cells&#10;C) B cells&#10;D) Natural killer cells&#10;E) CD4+ T cells

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cells show the largest increase in circulating numbers during prolonged strenuous exercise due to their rapid mobilization from the spleen and other reservoirs in response to stress hormones like adrenaline.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is involved in the leukocytosis of exercise?&#10;A) Insulin&#10;B) Prolactin&#10;C) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone&#10;D) Leptin&#10;E) Adrenaline

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is released during exercise and is involved in the leukocytosis response, which is the increase in white blood cell count after exercise. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone can also be released during exercise and has some effects on the immune system, but it is not specifically involved in leukocytosis. Insulin, prolactin, and leptin do not have direct effects on the immune system.

Question 4

Which of the following hormones promotes the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow during and after prolonged exercise?&#10;A) Insulin&#10;B) Noradrenaline&#10;C) Cortisol&#10;D) Leptin&#10;E) Oxytocin

Accepted Answer

Cortisol promotes the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow during and after prolonged exercise. Insulin is involved in glucose regulation, noradrenaline is involved in the fight or flight response, leptin regulates appetite and metabolism, and oxytocin is involved in social bonding and reproduction.

Question 5

The absolute number of leukocytes mobilised into blood after a single bout of exercise is usually greater in older people.

Accepted Answer

The absolute number of leukocytes mobilized into the blood after a single bout of exercise is typically lower in older individuals compared to younger ones, due to age-related changes in the immune system and its responsiveness to exercise.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of the leukocyte subtypes that are preferentially mobilised into the circulation during a single bout of exercise?&#10;A) High cytotoxic/effector function capabilities&#10;B) High antibody-producing capability&#10;C) Increased tissue-migration potential&#10;D) A greater expression of adrenoreceptors and glucocorticoid receptors&#10;E) An increased ability to respond to catecholamines and cortisol

Accepted Answer

Although exercise can increase the production of antibodies, the leukocyte subtypes that are preferentially mobilized into the circulation during exercise are not typically characterized by high antibody-producing capability. Instead, they tend to have higher cytotoxic/effector function capabilities, increased tissue-migration potential, and greater expression of adrenoreceptors and glucocorticoid receptors, which lead to an increased ability to respond to catecholamines and cortisol.

Question 7

Untrained individuals tend to have a smaller leukocytosis to exercise.

Accepted Answer

Untrained individuals have a smaller leukocytosis response to exercise compared to trained individuals. This is because trained individuals have a higher baseline level of white blood cells due to regular exercise, whereas untrained individuals have a lower baseline level.

Question 8

The mobilisation of which of the following cells is markedly influenced by latent CMV infection?&#10;A) Neutrophils&#10;B) Monocytes&#10;C) CD4+ T cells&#10;D) CD8+ T cells&#10;E) B cells

Accepted Answer

Latent CMV infection can cause an expansion of CD8+ T cells in the body.

Question 9

Exercising in state of glycogen depletion increases plasma cortisol and IL-6 concentrations, which, in turn, increases total leukocyte numbers.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Exercising in a state of glycogen depletion can cause an increase in plasma cortisol and IL-6 concentrations, which have been shown to increase the number of leukocytes in the blood. This is thought to be a normal response to the stress of glycogen depletion and exercise.

Question 10

The number of leukocytes in the circulation at any given time is about 20% of the total number of white cells in the body.

Accepted Answer

The number of leukocytes in the circulation at any given time is only a small fraction (approximately 2-3%) of the total number of white cells in the body. The majority of white blood cells are found in tissues and organs.

Deck 3: Effects of Exercise on Blood Leukocyte Numbers