Question 1

The major source of IL-6 in the circulation during exercise comes from...&#10;A) Adipose tissue&#10;B) Smooth muscle&#10;C) Connective tissue&#10;D) Skeletal muscle&#10;E) Liver

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is the major source of IL-6 in the circulation during exercise, as it is produced and released by the contracting muscle fibers. Other tissues such as adipose tissue, smooth muscle, connective tissue, and liver may also contribute to IL-6 production, but to a lesser extent compared to skeletal muscle.

Question 2

Exercise suppresses the secretion of Th2 cytokines more than Th1 cytokines.

Accepted Answer

Exercise has been shown to promote a shift towards Th1 cytokines, enhancing the body's ability to fight off viral and bacterial infections, rather than suppressing Th2 cytokines, which are more involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections.

Question 3

Which of the following tissues is responsible for the chronic low-grade inflammation that is associated with increased chronic disease risk in later life?&#10;A) Adipose tissue&#10;B) Endothelial tissue&#10;C) Epithelial tissue&#10;D) Skeletal muscle&#10;E) Cardiac muscle

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue is responsible for the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with increased chronic disease risk in later life due to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines.

Question 4

The main trigger for increased infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue is thought to be...&#10;A) Increased numbers of adipocytes&#10;B) Increased levels of fatty acids&#10;C) Increased numbers of T cells in adipose tissue&#10;D) Increased size of adipocytes&#10;E) Increased secretion of adiponectin by adipocytes

Accepted Answer

Increased size of adipocytes is a key factor that triggers the infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue. As adipocytes enlarge, they can become hypoxic and necrotic, leading to an inflammatory response that attracts macrophages to the site to clear the dead cells and debris.

Question 5

Catecholamines upregulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-&#945;, IL-6 and IL-1&#946; by immune cells.

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines generally suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β by immune cells, rather than upregulating them.

Question 6

M1 macrophages produce TNF-a and IL-6 while the M2 macrophages produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and arginase.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. M1 macrophages are associated with inflammation and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IL-6, while M2 macrophages are associated with tissue repair and produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta, as well as the enzyme arginase.

Question 7

The inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes normally constitute about what percentage of the total blood monocyte population?&#10;A) 0.1&#10;B) 0.25&#10;C) 0.5&#10;D) 0.75&#10;E) 0.9

Accepted Answer

The answer of The inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes normally constitute about...

Question 8

Which cytokine produced by Treg cells has several inhibitory effects on immune cell functions?&#10;A) IL-1&#946;&#10;B) IL-2&#10;C) IL-4&#10;D) IL-6&#10;E) IL-10

Accepted Answer

IL-10 is produced by Treg cells and has several inhibitory effects on immune cell functions, including suppression of cytokine production and inhibition of dendritic cell maturation.

Question 9

Monocyte TLR4 expression is generally lower in young unfit individuals compared with older fit individuals.

Accepted Answer

Monocyte TLR4 expression tends to be higher in older individuals or those with a sedentary lifestyle, as both aging and lack of physical activity are associated with increased inflammation and immune system dysregulation. Regular exercise and fitness generally lead to a healthier immune profile, including potentially lower TLR4 expression on monocytes.

Question 10

Increased insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is not caused by any known immune mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Increased insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes can be influenced by immune mechanisms, including inflammation and the activation of the immune system, which can contribute to the development and progression of insulin resistance.

Deck 12: Exercise and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: the Role of Cytokines and the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise