Question 1

Sympathetic (adrenergic) input in the airways causes which of the following?&#10;A) Relaxation of smooth muscle cells and increases in airflow&#10;B) Contraction of smooth muscle and increases in airflow&#10;C) Relaxation of smooth muscle cells and decreases in airflow&#10;D) Similar responses as cholinergic input&#10;E) Lower vascular resistance

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic (adrenergic) input causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the airways, which leads to increases in airflow. This is in contrast to the cholinergic input, which causes contraction of smooth muscle and decreases in airflow.

Question 2

During exercise, why does the pH of the blood become acidic? A) Potassium levels increase B) ATP levels decrease in the kidneys C) Molecules that act as organic bases are taken up by cells D) Co₂ levels increase E) There is decreased blood flow to the liver

Accepted Answer

During exercise, CO2 levels increase due to enhanced metabolic activity, leading to the formation of carbonic acid in the blood, which lowers pH and makes it more acidic.

Question 3

Asthma medications that act as &#34;short-term relievers&#34; do which of the following?&#10;A) Decrease edema in the lungs&#10;B) Affect inflammatory pathways that include leukotrienes&#10;C) Cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the airway&#10;D) Cause constriction of certain bronchioles to divert air to needed areas in the lung&#10;E) Decrease calcium entry and slow muscle contractions

Accepted Answer

Short-term reliever medications, such as bronchodilators or beta2-agonists, cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the airway, which widens the airway and makes breathing easier. Options A, B, D, and E do not accurately describe the mechanism of action of short-term reliever medications.

Question 4

Which of the following causes exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?&#10;A) Loss of cholinergic activity&#10;B) Loss of heat and water from the respiratory tract&#10;C) Excessive adrenergic input&#10;D) Unresolved sleep disorders&#10;E) Smoking cigarettes

Accepted Answer

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is primarily caused by the loss of heat and water from the respiratory tract during the rapid breathing of exercise. This can lead to the narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe.

Question 5

The extent of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction can be limited by which of the following?&#10;A) Maintenance therapy with a leukotriene modifier like montelukast&#10;B) Treatment with beta-blockers&#10;C) Taking anti-histamines after working out&#10;D) Losing weight and getting plenty of sleep&#10;E) No longer smoking cigarettes

Accepted Answer

Maintenance therapy with a leukotriene modifier like montelukast can help limit exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by reducing inflammation and constriction of the airways. Beta-blockers can actually worsen symptoms of bronchoconstriction, anti-histamines may not be effective in preventing or limiting bronchoconstriction, and while weight loss and quitting smoking are important for overall lung health, they may not specifically target exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

Question 6

The total cross-sectional area in the lungs for gas exchange has been estimated between 500 and 1,000 square feet.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The total cross-sectional area in the lungs for gas exchange is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 square feet.

Question 7

The lung ventilation rate is the result of breathing frequency and tidal volume.

Accepted Answer

The lung ventilation rate is calculated by multiplying the breathing frequency (number of breaths per minute) by the tidal volume (amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath).

Question 8

Training improves the efficiency in breathing by altering alveoli function.

Accepted Answer

Training improves breathing efficiency by enhancing respiratory muscles and cardiovascular function, not by altering alveoli function directly.

Question 9

Aerobic exercise training improves factors related to both oxygen transport and oxygen utilization.

Accepted Answer

Aerobic exercise training improves cardiovascular fitness, which enhances oxygen delivery to the muscles. It also increases the muscles' ability to use oxygen for energy production, improving factors related to oxygen utilization.

Question 10

An asthma attack results from the narrowing of bronchial airways and inflammation of the bronchial mucosa.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. During an asthma attack, the smooth muscles in the bronchial airways constrict, causing the airways to narrow and making it difficult to breathe. Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa also contributes to this narrowing and can lead to mucus production, further obstructing the airways.

Question 11

The suppression of cytokine production by corticosteroids helps decrease the level of inflammation and leukocyte infiltration in the airways of patients with asthma.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The suppression of cytokine production by corticosteroids...

Question 12

When $\beta$-2 agonists like clenbuterol are taken systemically, fast twitch muscle function is enhanced.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When $\beta$-2 agonists like clenbuterol are taken...

Question 13

Inhaled $\beta$-2 agonists can have a stimulatory effect on the heart and significant ergogenic potential.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inhaled $\beta$-2 agonists can have a stimulatory...

Question 14

In the lungs, thin-walled sacs that are highly vascularized and efficient in gas exchange are called __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the lungs, thin-walled sacs that are...

Question 15

In the lower brain stem, the rate and depth of breathing are controlled by the ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the lower brain stem, the rate...

Deck 7: Respiratory Agents