Deck 5: Perceiving Groups

Question 1

Dimi has just taken a reaction time test in which she was asked to categorize positive and negative words and then pictures of male and female faces as quickly as possible. Unbeknownst to Dimi, her unconscious prejudices have just been assessed. It is likely that Dimi just completed a(n) _______ measure.

A) controlled
B) checklist
C) implicit
D) explicit

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Imagine meeting someone warm and friendly from Group X - a group that you generally think of as made up of snobby and unfriendly individuals. According to research by Hamilton and Rose (1980), what will you later recall if someone asks you about Group X?

A) They are warm and friendly
B) They are snobby and unfriendly
C) They are warm and unfriendly
D) They are snobby and friendly

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In a study by Sagar and Schofield (1980), schoolchildren viewed pictures of Black and White children behaving in ambiguously aggressive ways. The schoolchildren later perceived the behaviors performed by Black children to be more mean and threatening than the same behaviors performed by White children. This study shows that:

A) Children utilize racial stereotypes more than adults.
B) Children from urban environments are more likely to utilize racial stereotypes than children from suburban environments.
C) Stereotypes influence our interpretation of information.
D) Stereotypes provide an accurate indication of group differences.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy in the classroom shows that teachers will give some students a lot of attention and give them more opportunities to answer questions in class. Research shows that:

A) The teachers have high expectations for these students
B) These students are likely to be male
C) These students are likely to be White
D) All of the above

Question 5

Julie, a well-qualified Black female, is applying for a job and she is being interviewed by a White male. Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy shows that Julie may have which of the following experiences at her job interview?

A) The interviewer may sit closer to her.
B) The interviewer may ask her about her previous work experience.
C) The interviewer may spend less time talking to her.
D) The interviewer may make her feel confident.

Question 6

The idea that bringing groups of people together will decrease stereotyping and prejudice is known as:

A) The contact hypothesis
B) The illusory correlation
C) The self-fulfilling prophecy
D) The subtyping model

Question 7

The process whereby stereotypes of a group are changed after meeting only one counterstereotypical individual is called ______ .

A) subtyping
B) conversion
C) social categorization
D) the contrast effect

Question 8

Susan's grandfather has very traditional values. He believes that a woman's place is in the home, not in the workforce. Later in her own life, Susan has remained unmarried, she has started her own successful business, and her grandfather says he is proud of her. When Susan tries to use herself as an example of why her grandfather should change his mind about the role of women in society, he just pats her on the shoulder and says ""You are the exception my dear."" Susan's grandfather is engaging

A) Subtyping
B) Social categorization
C) The illusory correlation
D) Conversion

Question 9

According to the research on subtyping described in your text, what happens when perceivers encounter a couple individuals who are completely counterstereotypical?

A) The perceiver's stereotype will change slightly.
B) The counterstereotypical targets will be subtyped and the overall stereotype will change drastically.
C) The counterstereotypical targets will be subtyped and the overall stereotype will not change.
D) None of the above.

Question 10

The contrast effect is most likely to occur when:

A) A new subtype is created
B) Our goal is to look beyond stereotypes
C) Once deviant group members are seen to be similar to other members of the group
D) We see stereotype-disconfirming individuals as exceptional people

Question 11

Participants in a study by Blair, Ma and Lenton (2001) were asked to form a mental image of a strong woman. The results of this study showed the power of _______ to decrease stereotypes.

A) counterstereotypic information
B) distinctiveness information
C) the illusory correlation
D) the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 12

In research by Harber (1998), White college students read essays that were filled with errors and were then asked to give feedback to the author of the essay. The results showed that:

A) The participants gave more positive feedback to White authors.
B) The participants gave more positive feedback to Black authors.
C) The participants gave more supportive feedback to White authors.
D) There was no difference in the kind of feedback given to White vs. Black authors.

Question 13

If a heterosexual participant takes the IAT and her score reveals that she has a strong preference for heterosexuals as opposed to homosexuals, which of the following might explain these results?

A) The results reflect her true dislike of homosexuals.
B) The results reflect what her society has taught her.
C) Her results were influenced by a recent fight she had with her homosexual friend.
D) All of the above

Question 14

Research has shown that ______ measures predict one's nonverbal behavior in an interracial interaction and that ______ measures predict one's overt behavior toward an individual of a different race.

A) explicit; implicit
B) implicit; explicit
C) controlled; checklist
D) checklist; controlled

Question 15

Research on people's ability to quickly identify guns vs. non-guns has shown that:

A) Participants are faster to recognize a tool if they have previously been primed with a Black face.
B) Participants are faster to recognize a weapon if they have previously been primed with a White face.
C) Participants are faster to shoot unarmed Black targets than unarmed White targets.
D) Participants are faster to shoot armed White targets than armed Black targets.

Question 16

Which of the following people will be most likely to use their stereotypes?

A) Marissa, a young woman, is running late for a meeting when she nearly collides with an elderly man.
B) Jan, a Dutch businessman, is in a calm mood while interviewing a Turkish job applicant.
C) Aiden, a White British male, is a morning person. As he drank his morning cup of tea he read a story in the news about a family who had just immigrated from Uganda.
D) All of the people above will be equally likely to use stereotypes.

Question 17

We are all part of many social groups and can be categorized in a number of different ways. Research on intersectionality shows that:

A) Stereotypes of national groups are usually very similar to the stereotypes of the men from that group.
B) Stereotypes of women from one national group tend to be unlike the stereotypes of women from other national groups.
C) The stereotype of Blacks in the U.S. overlaps with the stereotype of U.S. women.
D) The stereotype of Asians in the U.S. overlaps with the stereotype of U.S. men.

Question 18

Macrae et al.'s (1994) study on stereotype suppression found which of the following?

A) Participants are bad at suppressing stereotypes.
B) Participants who were initially asked to suppress their stereotypes later sat further away from a skinhead.
C) Participants who were not asked to suppress their stereotypes later sat further away from a skinhead.
D) All of the above

Question 19

Pam has a crush on her Math teacher, who she considers to be quite attractive. When she meets with him during office hours this often distracts her so that she has to work hard to suppress exactly how good-looking he is. Research by Macrae et al. (1994) on stereotype rebound suggests that if Pam unexpectedly runs into her Math teacher on campus after she's met with him she will likely:

A) Barely notice how unbelievably attractive he is
B) Continue to suppress her attraction
C) Ask him about what topics are going to be on the final exam
D) Become even more tongue-tied over how attractive he is

Question 20

Individuals who are ______ on internal motivation to control prejudice and ______ on external motivation to control prejudice are better able to control their stereotype use.

A) high; high
B) low; high
C) high; low
D) low; low

Question 21

According to your text, being unprejudiced means:

A) Never having stereotypic thoughts
B) Never having to say you're sorry
C) Consciously avoiding the influence of stereotypes
D) That you never learned the stereotypes of your society

Question 22

A 2006 meta-analysis by Pettigrew and Tropp on the impact of contact and stereotype change showed that:

A) Contact that is forced reduces prejudice less than contact that is voluntary.
B) Contact is not a very useful way to change people's stereotypes.
C) The relation between contact and stereotype change is explained by the fact that low-prejudice people tend to live closer to people from other groups.
D) People who experience greater intergroup contact are less prejudiced.

Question 23

Let's assume that you have a stereotype of a rival group. You believe that the members of this other group are unintelligent, uncultured, and rude. In which scenario would you be least able to form a subtype, and as a result would your stereotype be most likely to change?

A) You work with an individual from the rival group and they are always telling you about the 4-star restaurants they have eaten at.
B) You spend time volunteering with an individual from the rival group and he is so nice and atypical that you often forget he is part of the other group.
C) You meet a large collection of individuals from the rival group at a parade and they all seem to be smart and kind.
D) Your basketball team is competing against the rival group's team and the winner gets a fabulous prize.

Question 24

You have heard a lot of things about soccer fans including that they are all very aggressive. This leads you to develop a very negative opinion of soccer fans. One day you meet a man named Gunnar who tells you he is a fan of soccer (he is even wearing a jersey from his favorite team) According to the text, you are most likely to change your opinion regarding how aggressive soccer fans are after interacting with Gunnar if...

A) Gunnar fits your stereotype of a typical soccer fan but he is very calm.
B) Gunnar does not fit your stereotype of a typical soccer fan and he is very calm.
C) Gunnar fits your stereotype of a typical soccer fan and is very aggressive.
D) Gunnar does not fit your stereotype of a typical soccer fan but he is very aggressive.

Question 25

Explain how one's social roles and the media shape our gender stereotypes. Next, briefly describe one study that shows the impact of viewing stereotypical media portrayals on young women.

Question 26

One of your friends believes that only backward-thinking, unintelligent individuals use stereotypes. First, is your friend correct? Second, explain to your friend 2 benefits of using stereotypes.

Question 27

What is the relationship between belief in a just world and prejudice? How would someone who endorses the just-world-belief perceive someone who was recently diagnosed with AIDs? Why might this individual be perceived in this way?

Question 28

Imagine that you are a social psychology detective. You have a hunch that people still are still prejudiced, but due to the censure people receive today if they express stereotypes and prejudice, you think that people are now hiding their prejudices below the surface. So, how can you test this? Briefly describe two measures that could get at the prejudice of modern day people. Once you've utilized these measures, how sure can you be that you have tapped the people's true beliefs? Explain.

Question 29

You have been hired to lead a seminar on diversity for a group of local police officers. Your goal is to show the officers that they have unconscious biases that may impact their performance on the job. To that end, describe the results of two studies that provide evidence for the impact of racial stereotypes on perceptions.

Question 30

If someone is worried about expressing unwanted stereotypic thoughts, should you tell them to suppress those thoughts? Briefly describe 1 study (including the method and results) that explores suppression and rebound of stereotypes about skinheads.

Question 31

In an attempt to be pleasant and not let stereotypes affect them, people are sometimes overly positive in interracial encounters. Explain how this motivation to behave positively can be a good and a bad thing for both members of an interracial interaction.

Question 32

Explain the role of stereotypes in the self-fulfilling prophecy. Next, describe one study that demonstrates the impact of these two concepts in the workplace.

Question 33

Imagine that, while (trapped) on a plane, you overhear a ridiculously long and drawn-out conversation between an incredibly sensitive guy and an unlucky in love young woman. Upon hearing the comments from this completely atypical male your stereotype of men as stoic and emotionless has been temporarily challenged. How will meeting this man impact your stereotype of men in general? In your answer you should describe 3 ways people deal with inconsistent information. If meeting this man does not ch

Question 34

What is the illusory correlation and why does it happen? Describe a relevant study to provide support for your answer. Finally, how might the illusory correlation play out in the news media?

Question 35

How can parents use classical conditioning to teach their children to be non-prejudiced?

Question 36

Which of the following types of contact has been shown to reduce prejudice?

A) Positive feelings about Latinos were generated after participants interacted with a Latino who disconfirmed the stereotype and was perceived to be typical of his group.
B) Positive feelings about Latinos were generated after participants interacted with a Latino who confirmed the stereotype and was perceived to be typical of his group.
C) Asking participants to imagine a positive interaction with a member of another social group can reduce prejudice toward that group.
D) All of the above

Question 37

In a study by Wright et al. (1997), participants were randomly assigned to two teams who were to compete against each other. Which of the following manipulations was the most effective at reducing prejudice in this study?

A) The two teams competed on problem-solving and creativity tasks.
B) Each team received negative feedback (ostensibly) from the other team that offered feedback on their performance.
C) One participant from each team was asked to take part in a getting-to-know you task and become friends.
D) All of the above

Question 38

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination? Explain how all three concepts could influence an individual moving from the U.S. to England.

Question 39

What are 2 benefits and 2 drawbacks of social categorization?

Question 40

If a White American assumes that African Americans are athletic, that is a positive stereotype. What are 2 problems with holding positive stereotypes such as this one?

Question 41

Imagine that you are trying to describe your co-worker Bob to someone who has never met him. You are pretty sure that Bob is a classic example of an authoritarian personality, but your friend (who has never taken this class) has no idea what that means. Describe this personality type to your friend and also explain the relation between this personality type and prejudice.

Question 42

Intergroup interactions arouse the emotions of all parties involved. Provide two reasons why intergroup reactions are so tinged with arousal and anxiety. Next, explain how classical conditioning might play a role in encounters such as these.

Question 43

Imagine that Richard (a White male) and Leonard (a Black male) are meeting for the first time. What thoughts might be going through each male's mind regarding this interracial encounter, and what might be happening to their stress levels?

Question 44

A city in the U.K. has recently experienced an influx of immigrants from other countries. A teacher at a school in this city is trying to improve relations among her British students and the students who have recently immigrated. How might this teacher set up a classroom so as to facilitate successful contact?

Question 45

Participants in a study by Wittenbrink, Judd, and Park (2001) were asked to categorize words presented on a computer screen as English or non-English. Some of these words were related to the stereotype of Blacks or Whites. The results showed that:

A) Participants responded faster to negative Black stereotypic words after they had been subliminally primed with the word BLACK.
B) Participants responded faster to negative White stereotypic words after they had been subliminally primed with the word WHITE.
C) Participants responded faster to negative Black stereotypic words after they had consciously seen the word BLACK.
D) Participants responded faster to negative White stereotypic words after they had consciously seen the word WHITE.

Question 46

Discrimination can be both positive and negative

Question 47

In a test of reaction time, students are more likely to shoot unarmed black targets than unarmed White targets. Police officers do not make this same error.

Question 48

When people think of an ethnic or national group, their overall impression of the group is shaped more by the stereotype of the males from that group.

Question 49

People who suppress their use of a stereotype in one domain will experience increased activation of that stereotype in a later domain.

Question 50

Thinking of strong women and weak men can decrease implicit stereotypes.

Question 51

The best way to change stereotypes is to introduce people to someone who goes completely against the stereotype.

Question 52

Any type of contact can help to reduce stereotypes and prejudice.

Question 53

Which of the following provides an example of discrimination?

A) An employer gives a job to a less qualified candidate because the candidate was a member of the employer's old sorority.
B) A man is not hired for a job because of the color of his skin.
C) A teenager does not want to hang out with an individual from "the wrong side of the tracks"
D) All of the above

Question 54

_______ is/are defined as the negative or positive evaluations of a social group and its members.

A) Stereotypes
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Antipathy

Question 55

Lonnie thinks that women should be taken care of and nurtured because they are frail and not very smart. Lonnie's beliefs about the characteristics possessed by females is known as:

A) A stereotype
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) An illusory correlation

Question 56

Implicit measures, like the IAT, tap people's true beliefs.

Question 57

Computers that use synthesized male voices are taken more seriously than computers that use synthesized female voices.

Question 58

People waiting in line at a bank would be classified as a social group.

Question 59

In order for a collection of individuals to be categorized as a meaningful social group, both the individual members as well as the people perceiving the group, must agree that the individuals are a part of a social group.

Question 60

All stereotypes are based on a kernel of truth.

Question 61

Due to the extreme social censure directed toward sexists and racists, stereotypes based on gender and race have been almost completely eliminated.

Question 62

Thinking of well-respected members of certain groups (e.g., Nelson Mandela) can improve people's thoughts of stereotyped groups.

Question 63

Even if criminal acts are equally rare among members of a large and small group, perceivers will judge members of the small group to commit more crimes than members of the large group.

Question 64

Gender stereotypes come from the different social roles that males vs. females are asked to play.

Question 65

The biggest explanation for why people hold negative stereotypes is because they have a personality defect.

Question 66

Members of high-status groups are more likely to accept social inequalities than members of low-status groups.

Question 67

Pam believes that elderly adults are senile so they make her uncomfortable. This belief of Pam's is an example of _______, and her reaction to the elderly is an example of _______.

A) prejudice; a stereotype
B) discrimination; prejudice
C) a stereotype; prejudice
D) prejudice; discrimination

Question 68

Which of the following is true about social groups?

A) Members of a group must share a common characteristic before their group can be categorized as a social group.
B) Others must perceive that individuals are part of a meaningful group before the group can be categorized as a social group.
C) Individuals must perceive that they are part of a meaningful group before their group can be categorized as a social group.
D) All of the above.

Question 69

According to the text, which of the following concepts forms the basis of stereotyping?

A) Discrimination
B) Prejudice
C) Social categorization
D) All of the above

Question 70

The finding that, in virtually every society, poor people are seen as lazy, ignorant, and carefree provides support for the idea that:

A) People with certain personality types end up holding certain roles in society.
B) Poor people need to work harder to get ahead.
C) Stereotypes often come from the social roles people hold.
D) Stereotypes reflect what groups are actually like.

Question 71

According to research by Eagly and colleagues, who should be seen as the most assertive?

A) Nancy, a mother of three, who just took a self-help course.
B) Cathy, a business consultant who manages 30 employees.
C) John, a stay-at-home father of 2 toddler boys.
D) Mike, a yoga instructor.

Question 72

Which of the following media sources has NOT been shown to propagate stereotypes?

A) Video games
B) Rap lyrics
C) The plays of William Shakespeare
D) All of the media sources above propagate stereotypes.

Question 73

Research on media representations of homosexuals has shown that:

A) Homosexuals are portrayed more positively in England than in America.
B) Homosexuals are portrayed more positively in America than in England.
C) Homosexuals are underrepresented in the media in both England and America.
D) Homosexuals are primarily shown in a positive and realistic light.

Question 74

The media should be a great venue to break down, not encourage, gender stereotypes. Research shows that television programs portray _______ and commercials _______.

A) women in counterstereotypical ways; show women in stereotypical ways
B) men in counterstereotypical ways; show men in stereotypical ways
C) women in counterstereotypical ways; also show women in counterstereotypical ways
D) men in stereotypical ways; also show men in stereotypical ways

Question 75

How do children learn stereotypes?

A) Parents explicitly teach stereotypes to their children.
B) Children learn stereotypes by imitating their peers.
C) Children pick up on the social norms in their society.
D) All of the above

Question 76

_______ are the generally accepted ways of thinking, feeling, and acting in a group.

A) Social rules
B) Social norms
C) Social contracts
D) Social categories

Question 77

Who is likely to hold the strongest stereotype?

A) Shana, who just had a personal encounter with a member of a stereotyped group.
B) Kelli, who was told about a member of a stereotyped group from her friend.
C) Michelle, who likes members of a particular stereotyped group, even though liking that group is frowned on by her society.
D) Jenny, who has never spoken with anyone about her views of members of a stereotyped group.

Question 78

Pat believes members of certain groups should be put in their place and that the inequalities that exist in their society are justly deserved. It is likely that Pat:

A) Is a member of the low-status group
B) Is non-White
C) Is female
D) Is a member of the high-status group

Question 79

Why does the illusory correlation occur?

A) Distinctive information captures attention.
B) The more information you have about a group, the more it affects your impression of that group.
C) Larger groups attract attention and therefore you remember more about them.
D) When members of large groups engage in prosocial behavior that captures attention.

Question 80

Imagine that you have started a new job and you're learning the difference between the computer technicians and the computer programmers. What you really want to do is figure out who you can go to for advice on how to operate your work computer. The first thing that you learn is that there are many more programmers than technicians. The second thing that you learn is that these computer geeks rarely make mistakes - although since starting, you have heard an equal percentage of small complaints a

A) You decide to ask one of the programmers for help because there are more of them.
B) You decide to ask one of the technicians for help because there are fewer of them.
C) You decide not to ask a programmer for help because they seem to make more mistakes.
D) You decide not to ask a technician for help because they seem to make more mistakes.