Deck 27: Skeletons, Muscles, and Movement

Question 1

Which of the following is a benefit of having an endoskeleton?

A) An endoskeleton provides a barrier to water loss.
B) An endoskeleton grows as the organism grows and does not have to be replaced.
C) An endoskeleton acts as a protective armor covering all body tissues.
D) An endoskeleton requires fewer joints than an exoskeleton.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which animal below has a skeleton that is a hydrostat?

A) grasshopper
B) octopus
C) bluebird
D) catfish

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The matrix of cartilage tissue is made up of

A) collagen.
B) calcium.
C) phosphorous.
D) hydrostatic materials.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Skeletons that form hard mineral matrices usually contain

A) actin.
B) cartilage.
C) calcium.
D) chitin.

Question 5

Which of the following is a likely explanation as to why terrestrial animals do not have a skeleton built of entirely cartilage?

A) Cartilage grows quickly and must be replaced frequently, leaving organisms with a cartilaginous skeleton vulnerable to predators for most of their lives.
B) Cartilage is too porous to be used as a skeletal material on land. The numerous holes in this tissue would lead to rapid water loss from the body.
C) Terrestrial organisms require a living skeleton that can respond to environmental change. Cartilage does not contain cells and, therefore, cannot respond.
D) Cartilage is not as strong as bone and probably cannot support the weight of the body against the pull of gravity.

Question 6

The axial skeleton includes the

A) spinal column only.
B) spinal column, skull, and rib cage.
C) all bones in the arms and legs.
D) spinal column and pelvis.

Question 7

Which of the following would not be found in an insect?

A) neuromuscular junction
B) sarcomere
C) marrow
D) chitin

Question 8

In humans, red and white blood cells are made in

A) compact bone.
B) cartilage.
C) tendons.
D) bone marrow.

Question 9

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

A) the spinal column
B) the arm
C) the skull
D) the rib cage

Question 10

Where would you not expect to find spongy bone?

A) your arm
B) your hip bones
C) your ear
D) your leg

Question 11

Bone-to-bone connections in the human knee are cushioned by

A) ligaments.
B) cartilage.
C) tendons.
D) spongy bone.

Question 12

If there were no tendons in your appendicular skeleton, you wouldn't be able to

A) walk.
B) nod your head.
C) speak.
D) chew your food.

Question 13

The stiffness of a hydrostat is generated by

A) using muscle contraction to squeeze a water-filled body cavity.
B) reducing the amount of water present in a body cavity.
C) increasing the thickness of internal bones over time.
D) increasing the amount of air present in a body cavity.

Question 14

Soft-bodied animals rely on _______ for support.

A) bony skeletons
B) cartilage
C) joints
D) a hydrostat

Question 15

Which of the following would play a role in movement as well as protection?

A) femur
B) skull
C) spinal column
D) radius

Question 16

The polysaccharide that forms the basis of support tissues in insects and lobsters is

A) collagen.
B) chitin.
C) bone.
D) cartilage.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about bone tissue is false?

A) It contains living cells.
B) It has a mineral matrix composed largely of calcium and phosphate.
C) It supports the ear lobes.
D) It is structurally strong yet not brittle.

Question 18

Locomotion in insects differs from that of vertebrates in that the muscles of insects

A) are attached to an endoskeleton rather than an exoskeleton.
B) are inside the skeleton rather than outside.
C) push (extend) rather than pull (contract).
D) do not extend across joints.

Question 19

Which of the following animals has a skeleton made of carbohydrates linked with proteins?

A) mouse
B) housefly
C) shark
D) swallow

Question 20

Which of the following is not one of the three different types of support structures that make up the human skeleton?

A) bone
B) organs
C) cartilage
D) hydrostatic structures

Question 21

Examine the figure below.
Which letter indicates a region of a human where you would find muscle that lacks sarcomeres?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) All human muscle contains sarcomeres.

Question 22

You can wave "hello" to a friend, because you have

A) joints.
B) muscles.
C) tendons.
D) all of the above

Question 23

Which of the following statements about support structures is true?

A) Heavier organisms have delicate skeletons relative to their body weight.
B) The support structures of heavier organisms account for a higher percentage of their body weight than those of lighter organisms.
C) Heavier organisms have stronger skeletons, relative to their body weight, than lighter organisms do.
D) Skeleton weight does not reflect body weight.

Question 24

Following some knee injuries, patients experience a swelling due to an accumulation of fluid within the knee, a condition referred to as "water on the knee." Which of the following is a likely source of this fluid?

A) the tendons around the knee
B) the hydrostat
C) spongy bone
D) the synovial sac

Question 25

A myofibril

A) is composed of a single sarcomere.
B) contains a single muscle fiber.
C) has no Z bands.
D) contains many sarcomeres.

Question 26

As a muscle contracts,

A) it creates energy.
B) the myofibrils break down.
C) the sarcomeres extend.
D) the Z discs move closer together.

Question 27

The figure below shows the change that occurs in two muscles when the arm goes from a bent to a straight position.
For this to occur,

A) the triceps contracts and the biceps relaxes.
B) the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes.
C) both the biceps and the triceps contract.
D) both the biceps and the triceps relax.

Question 28

Muscle contraction is caused by

A) movement of bones that anchor the muscles.
B) movement of sarcomeres along other sarcomeres.
C) sliding of myosin filaments along actin filaments.
D) contraction of actin and myosin filaments.

Question 29

The energy source for muscle contraction comes from

A) actin.
B) myosin.
C) ATP.
D) calcium ions.

Question 30

Animals that swim expend less energy to move than do animals that walk or fly because

A) water provides less resistance than air.
B) gravity has more impact on aquatic animals than it does on terrestrial animals.
C) aquatic animals do not have to use muscles to move their fins and tails.
D) the streamlined shape and nonstick surfaces of aquatic animals reduce resistance due to drag.

Question 31

Which of the following would be found in a sarcomere?

A) cartilage
B) actin
C) collagen
D) chitin

Question 32

A marathon runner would be using

A) mostly fast muscle fibers.
B) mostly slow muscle fibers.
C) slower acting neuromuscular junctions.
D) less myoglobin than a sprint runner.

Question 33

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect __________ to bone.

Question 34

Actin filaments are anchored to

A) bones.
B) Z discs.
C) ATP.
D) cartilage.

Question 35

One reason cats survive falls from heights better than humans do is that

A) they stiffen their bodies as they fall.
B) their skeletons are made of cartilage.
C) they twist their bodies so as to land only on their hind feet.
D) relative to body weight, their skeletons are stronger than human skeletons.

Question 36

Muscles work in pairs, because

A) contracted muscle cannot stretch itself back out again.
B) stretched muscle cannot contract by itself.
C) actin is located in one muscle of the pair, and myosin is in the other.
D) myofibrils of the paired muscles are connected.

Question 37

One of the most common knee injuries involves the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). How would an injury like this affect the function of the knee?

A) Ligaments attach muscle to bone so tearing of the ligament would mean that muscles would no longer be able to cause the joint to bend.
B) Ligaments lubricate the cartilage in a joint and a tear would allow the lubricant to leak out, causing bones to grind against each other and making it painful to bend the knee.
C) Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation so tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making bending difficult.
D) Ligaments are the muscles that surround a joint. Muscle tears can be painful, but heal quickly and usually do not affect knee function.

Question 38

Which of the following series correctly describes the organization of muscle tissue from smallest to largest component?

A) sarcomeres to myofibrils to muscle fibers
B) myofibrils to sarcomeres to muscle fibers
C) muscle fibers to sarcomeres to myofibrils
D) muscle fibers to myofibrils to sarcomeres

Question 39

Some genetically inherited forms of heart failure are caused by a mutation of the gene for myosin. Specifically what part of the heart would be affected by this mutation?

A) sarcomeres
B) Z discs
C) tendons
D) smooth muscle

Question 40

In the contraction of a sarcomere, which of the following "walks" its way along filaments?

A) Z discs
B) actin
C) myosin
D) myofibrils

Question 41

Lobsters and insects have internal skeletons.

Question 42

In human embryos, the skeleton starts out as cartilage and is later replaced by bone.

Question 43

Generally, the larger an animal, the less of its weight is made up by its skeleton.

Question 44

An increase in muscle strength can result from either an increase in muscle fiber number or an increase in the thickness of existing muscle fibers.

Question 45

The three types of muscle in our bodies are smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and _______ muscle.

Question 46

In the skeleton of a house cat, compact bone forms the hard white outer region, and ______ bone lies inside the compact bone.

Question 47

Tendons are connective tissues that connect __________ to bone.

Question 48

A hydrostat stiffens when a muscles contract around a body cavity filled with a _________.

Question 49

The _________ the surface area exposed to a medium, the smaller the amount of drag experienced.

Question 50

Muscle fibers contain only actin while sarcomeres contain both actin and myosin.

Question 51

A hydrostat generates energy as it creates pressure.

Question 52

The synapses between motor neurons and muscle fibers are called ____________ junctions.

Question 53

Ostriches are huge nonflying birds that can run at speeds of up to 40 miles per hour over long distances and maintain speeds of 30 miles per hour over longer distances. The legs of ostriches probably contain mostly________ muscle fibers.

Question 54

Flying and swimming animals share the features of streamlined bodies to reduce drag and appendages with __________ surfaces to efficiently push against air or water.

Question 55

Lobsters, insects, and many other invertebrate groups have an ____________, an external skeleton that surrounds and encloses the soft tissues it supports.

Question 56

Weight training initially increases the strength of a muscle by increasing the __________ of muscle fibers.

Question 57

Specialized bone cells, called __________, are surrounded by calcium and phosphate compounds.

Question 58

Your small intestine has smooth muscle in its walls.

Question 59

If the sarcomeres of a muscle are in the arrangement depicted by the figure below, the muscle must be in a relaxed state.

Question 60

Cartilage bends more easily than bone does.

Question 61

Short-distance sprinters like Asafa Powell probably have more slow muscle fibers than fast muscle fibers in their legs.

Question 62

A single muscle fiber from a flea can lift about the same weight as a single muscle fiber from a human.

Question 63

The heart of a moose contains both cardiac and smooth muscle.

Question 64

Damage to the knee often results in torn cartilage, which must be surgically repaired. Why is damage to the cartilage unlikely to heal on its own?

Question 65

Hemoglobin allows slow muscle fibers to continue cellular respiration even when blood levels of oxygen are low.