Question 1

1) A longitudinal study:&#10;A) Compares several groups at the same time&#10;B) Studies participants over a rather long time&#10;C) Studies people from differing cultures&#10;D) Studies people living along one global longitude

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study is a research design in which participants are followed and studied over an extended period to observe changes and developments. This type of research design allows for the collection of data over time and can help to identify patterns and trends.

Question 2

2) A cross-sectional study:&#10;A) Compares several groups at the same time&#10;B) Studies participants over a rather long time&#10;C) Studies one randomly sampled group of people&#10;D) Studies a slice of one neural fibre in the nervous system

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional study compares several groups at the same time. It is a type of observational study where data is collected from a population or sample at a specific point in time, and participants are not followed over a long period of time.

Question 3

3) A time lag study:&#10;A) Investigates the same group of people over rather a long period&#10;B) Investigates several groups of people at the same time&#10;C) Investigates equivalent samples taken at long intervals&#10;D) Investigates one randomly sampled group of people

Accepted Answer

A time lag study investigates equivalent samples taken at long intervals, allowing researchers to understand changes over time without following the same individuals.

Question 4

4) Cross-lagged correlations are:&#10;A) Correlations between scores taken at different times on one variable&#10;B) Correlations between two variables measured at the same time&#10;C) Correlations taken in a cross-sectional study&#10;D) Correlations between two or more variables measured on the same group of people at long intervals

Accepted Answer

Cross-lagged correlations are correlations between two or more variables measured on the same group of people at long intervals. It helps to examine the direction of causality between variables measured at different points in time. It is used in longitudinal studies to investigate causal relationships between variables.

Question 5

5) An advantage of cross-sectional studies is that they can:&#10;A) Follow changes in the same individuals&#10;B) Produce a cohort effect&#10;C) Quickly assess the effects of an intervention or treatment programme&#10;D) Quite rapidly provide evidence for stage or developmental theories

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies can quite rapidly provide evidence for stage or developmental theories by studying individuals across different age groups or developmental stages at the same time. However, they cannot follow changes in the same individuals over time, produce a cohort effect, or quickly assess the effects of an intervention or treatment program.

Question 6

6) An advantage of longitudinal studies is that they can:&#10;A) Be re-run with a minimum of expense and trouble&#10;B) Produce a cohort effect&#10;C) Follow through and assess the effects of an intervention or treatment programme&#10;D) Quite rapidly provide evidence for stage or developmental theories

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies can follow through and assess the effects of an intervention or treatment program over an extended period of time. This allows researchers to obtain a more accurate understanding of the long-term effects of the intervention or treatment.

Question 7

7) The system of translating a psychological scale from one language to another and maintaining equivalence is known as:&#10;A) Forward translation&#10;B) Up translation&#10;C) Down translation&#10;D) Back translation

Accepted Answer

Back translation is the process of translating a psychological scale from one language to another and then translating it back by a different translator to ensure that the original meaning is not lost in translation. This helps maintain the equivalence of the scale across languages. Forward translation involves translating the scale from one language to another without checking its accuracy or equivalence, while up translation and down translation are not commonly used terms in translation research.

Question 8

8) A psychological construct applicable only to one or a few cultures is known as:&#10;A) an emic&#10;B) an etic&#10;C) an imposed etic&#10;D) a derived etic

Accepted Answer

An emic is a psychological construct that is specific to one or a few cultures. This term is used in contrast to an etic, which is a psychological construct that is universal across cultures. An imposed etic is a construct that is forced upon a culture from the outside, while a derived etic is a construct that is inferred from an etic but is not directly observed.

Question 9

9) A universal psychological construct modified through cultural immersion to be applicable to many others is known as:&#10;A) an emic&#10;B) an etic&#10;C) an imposed etic&#10;D) a derived etic

Accepted Answer

A derived etic is a concept that starts from within one culture (emic) but is then modified and expanded through cross-cultural research to apply more universally.

Question 10

10) A system of social norms where individual needs are subsidiary to the group is known in cross-cultural psychology as:&#10;A) Individualist&#10;B) Socialist&#10;C) Collectivist&#10;D) Capitalist

Accepted Answer

A system of social norms where individual needs are subsidiary to the group is known as collectivist culture. In this culture, people are expected to prioritize the needs of the group or community over their personal desires or interests. Individualist culture, on the other hand, promotes independence and self-reliance, where personal goals and achievements are highly valued. The terms socialist and capitalist refer to economic systems, not social norms.

Deck 9: Comparison Studies Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal and Cross-Cultural Studies