Deck 6: Human Movement Applications

Question 1

The movement of the arms during walking can be described as:

A) Countering the angular momentum of the lower limbs.
B) Generating lift for the centre of mass.
C) Generating propulsion for the centre of mass.
D) A purely pendular action.
E) Increasing the ground reaction force during propulsion.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the theoretical maximum speed of walking for a person of limb length 0.95m, calculated using the inverted pendulum model ?

A) 4.00 m/s
B) 3.50 m/s
C) 3.05 m/s
D) 2.95 m/s
E) 2.50 m/s

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The typical ratio of stance and swing time during walking is?

A) 70 Stance, 30 Swing
B) 30 Stance, 70 Swing
C) 50 Stance, 50 Swing
D) 60 Stance, 40 Swing
E) 40 Stance, 60 Swing

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about walking gait are true?

A) Walking is characterised by periods of swing and stance.
B) During walking periods of double leg stance are separated by a flight phase.
C) During double stance weight is transferred from one leg to the other.
D) Single leg stance is when first heel contact occurs.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about walking gait are true?

A) During the loading phase of stance the knee flexes by 30 degrees to absorb impact forces.
B) The hip joint moves through approximately 40 degrees during swing.
C) The hip joint continues to extend throughout stance.
D) The ankle reaches maximum dorsi-flexion during mid-stance.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about walking gait are true?

A) Peak vertical forces occur during double leg stance when the mass centre experiences its greatest vertical acceleration.
B) During constant speed walking the propulsive force is always larger than the braking force.
C) The force loading rate is greater in walking due to the double support phase.
D) The horizontal force acts as a braking force during the first 45-50% of stance.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about walking gait are true?

A) The hamstring muscles are important for absorbing initial impact force at the knee.
B) Most muscle activity in walking is associated with initiating and ending joint movements.
C) The hamstring muscles are active throughout most of the swing phase.
D) During mid-stance, both hamstring and quadricep muscles are maximally active to support body weight.

Question 8

The peak force during walking is around 1.5 times body weight

Question 9

The swinging motion of the arms counteracts the angular momentum of the legs during walking.

Question 10

There is a single recognisable 'normal' gait pattern from which any deviation represents an abnormal gait.

Question 11

Describe the role of the upper body during the walking gait cycle.

Question 12

Explain why, at fast walking speeds, it is inevitable that a flight phase will eventually occur.

Question 13

At 5 m/s, a runner with a stride frequency of 1.6 Hz will have a step length of?

A) 3.125m
B) 3.4m
C) 1.7m
D) 1.56m
E) 5m

Question 14

The normal range of pronation and supination during running is?

A) 0 degrees supination to 20 degrees pronation
B) 10 degrees supination to 10 degrees pronation
C) 20 degrees supination to 0 degrees pronation
D) 20 degrees supination to 20 degrees pronation
E) 10 degrees supination to 20 degrees pronation

Question 15

Which of the following statements about running are true?

A) The use of running shoes has no impact on the vertical ground reaction force in running.
B) For a heel-toe runner peak impact force occurs within the first 50-100ms.
C) There is always a greater propulsive impulse than braking impulse during running.
D) Runners who land on the middle or front of their foot do not demonstrate the same pattern of vertical impact force.

Question 16

What methods are used to help reduce the energy cost of running?

A) The storage and return of elastic energy in muscles and tendons.
B) The passive transfer of energy between segments.
C) Reducing stride frequency as speed increases.
D) Using a mid-foot striking pattern to reduce impact force.

Question 17

If three runners experiences the following peak vertical impact forces: Runner A: mass = 60kg, GRF = 1470 / Runner B: mass = 75kg, GRF = 1910N /Runner A: mass = 80kg, GRF = 1880N. Which statements about these runners is true?

A) Runner C experiences a greater impact relative to their Body Weight than Runner B.
B) Runner B experiences the greatest impact force relative to Body Weight.
C) Runner A experiences a greater impact relative to their Body Weight than Runner C.
D) Runner A experiences the lowest impact force relative to Body Weight.

Question 18

Running is different to walking because there is an identifiable flight phase.

Question 19

Pronation during running is always problematic and a cause of injury.

Question 20

Peak vertical impact forces increase as a function of running speed.

Question 21

Describe the main kinematic differences between running and walking and explain why the knee flexes more during the swing phase of running

Question 22

Explain the movements of the subtalar joint during running and how these help reduce the magnitude of the vertical ground reaction force.

Question 23

The arm swing in vertical jumping is believed to contribute approximately what percentage to the performance?

A) 0-5%
B) 5-10%
C) 10-15%
D) 10-20%

Question 24

The best method for determining jump height is?

A) Use high speed video to measure the movement of the body.
B) Calculate impulse from a force platform.
C) Measure the flight time using a jump mat or force plate.
D) Use a target and ask performers to touch this at their highest point.

Question 25

An athlete performs a vertical jump on a jump mat and records a flight time of 0.7s. What height did they jump?

A) 0.6m
B) 1.7m
C) 0.3m
D) 1.2m

Question 26

The momentum generated in the 'free-leg' during a horizontal jump can contribute what % to centre of mass velocity?

A) 0-5%
B) 5-10%
C) 10-15%
D) 15-20%

Question 27

During a vertical jump, an athlete of mass 65 kg generates a vertical impulse of 300 Ns. Which of these statements is true?

A) Their take of velocity is 4.6 m/s
B) They jumped 1.08m
C) The peak vertical force was 300N
D) They jumped 0.46m

Question 28

Which of the following statements are true?

A) Squat jumps are better than counter-movement jumps for generating height.
B) Performing a counter-movement stimulates the stretch-shorten cycle.
C) Having a greater range of movement after a counter-movement allows more time to generate a greater impulse.
D) A counter-movement is best performed slowly to maximise stretch.

Question 29

Which of the following statements are true?

A) A long-jumper can control their forward rotation by either cycling their legs or adopting a long position in the air.
B) The leg cycling motion in a hitch-kick helps the athlete jump further.
C) The angular momentum of a jumper is reduced by using a 'Hang' technique.
D) The 'Hang' technique increases the moment of inertia of the body slowing angular velocity.

Question 30

Vertical jump height is determined by the 'power' of the take-off.

Question 31

Running faster will always result in a greater jump distance in long-jumping.

Question 32

The arm and leg movements of a long-jumper help to reduce the amount of forward rotation of the body in flight.

Question 33

Explain the purpose of the counter-movement phase in vertical jumping.

Question 34

Describe the ways that arm swing can contribute to jump height.

Question 35

In what ways can a long jumper control their tendency to rotate forward in order to achieve the optimal landing position?

Question 36

Throwing is often referred to as what type of movement?

A) Rectilinear
B) Curvilinear
C) Open Chain
D) Closed Chain

Question 37

Which of the following statements about throwing are true.

A) The follow-through predominately involves concentric muscle activity.
B) The preparation phase increases the length of the pulling path allowing a greater impulse to be created.
C) Elbow extension in the late pulling phase depends upon substantial muscular activity.
D) Flexion at the elbow increases the moment of inertia about the shoulder supporting the generation of a greater degree of external rotation.

Question 38

Which of the following factors is important for a thrower to maximise in order to achieve the greatest range.

A) The release velocity.
B) Take-off angle.
C) Mass of the object.
D) Height of release relative to landing.

Question 39

Greater linear velocity of the release can be achieved by:

A) Ensuring all joints reach peak velocity at the same time.
B) Reducing the length of the preparation phase.
C) Using a faster run-up.
D) Maintaining a larger radius between each joint and the axis of rotation.

Question 40

The main differences between overarm and round arm throwing are determined by the orientation of the trunk and degree of abduction of the shoulder.

Question 41

A shot putter achieves a release velocity of 10m/s for a 4kg shot during a standing throw. If they apply force for 0.2s they must exert an average force of 2000N?

Question 42

Explain how you can determine the relative contribution of the segments of the upper limb to throwing performance.

Question 43

Which of the following would not be typical of the driving phase of the right-footed kicking action?

A) Hip Flexion
B) Knee Extension
C) Clockwise pelvic rotation
D) Hip Adduction

Question 44

During a penalty kick, a soccer player manages to accelerate his foot to a peak velocity of 27 m/s, which coincides with the time that his foot strikes the ball. What speed would you estimate the ball to travel (assuming good contact between the foot and the ball)?

A) 35.5 m/s
B) 32.4 m/s
C) 27 m/s
D) 33.8 m/s

Question 45

Immediately following a kick, the ball is registered as travelling at a velocity of 34 m/s. Assuming good contact between the foot and the ball, what would the foot's velocity have been at the time of contact?

A) 26.5 m/s
B) 27.4 m/s
C) 30.2 m/s
D) 28.3 m/s

Question 46

The preparation phase of a left-footed kick is characterised by

A) Counter-clockwise pelvic rotation
B) Hip adduction
C) Ankle pronation
D) Knee extension

Question 47

The follow-through phase of a left-footed kick

A) Slows the limb to reduce injury risk
B) Allows last minute fine tuning
C) Involves clockwise pelvic rotation
D) Involves strong concentric contractions

Question 48

During kicking, movements of the upper body

A) Increase the risk of injury
B) Assist with maintaining balance
C) Is not important
D) Contribute to the ball's speed and distance travelled

Question 49

The initiation of the driving phase is characterised by rapid and concommitant hip flexion and knee extension

Question 50

The speed of the ball following contact is directly related to the speed of the foot at the time of contact

Question 51

Anterior Cruciate Ligament injuries in soccer may occur when the femur internally rotates on an externally rotated tibia

Question 52

Using your understanding of biomechanical principles, explain why it is likely to be easier to accelerate the hip (thigh) while the knee is in a flexed position.

Question 53

Describe the ways in which incorporating a run-up into the kicking action can improve the outcome

Question 54

What are the two main factors that will increase swimming velocity?

A) stroke rate and type of stroke
B) stroke rate and distance achieved per stroke
C) stroke rate and water temperature
D) water temperature and type of stroke
E) water density and stroke type

Question 55

What are the main resistive forces in swimming?

A) water temperature and water density
B) water temperature and swimming speed
C) lift and drag forces
D) air and water resistance
E) Form, wave and surface drag

Question 56

What is the Reynolds number?

A) The number that is derived from the product of stroke rate and distance achieved per stroke
B) The number that represents the density of water
C) A dimensionless number that is related to surface or friction drag
D) The number that indicates the 'hull speed' of a swimmer
E) The number that represents the propulsive forces generated while swimming

Question 57

What is the Froude number?

A) A measure of surface drag
B) A measure of form drag
C) A measure of wave drag
D) A measure of propulsive force
E) A measure of the lift force

Question 58

What is the formula to determine wave drag?

A) Fr = V/√gL
B) Fr=SR x DPS
C) Fr=v-u/at
D) Fr=V x gL
E) Fr = ut + 1/2 at2

Question 59

What is a common swimming injury?

A) knee instability
B) hip pain
C) ankle dislocation
D) shoulder pain
E) all of these

Question 60

Surface drag is a propulsive force in swimming

Question 61

Form, wave and surface drag are the three main resistive forces in swimming

Question 62

Swimming velocity can be increased by increasing your stroke rate

Question 63

Drag propulsion is a method for propelling the swimmer through the water

Question 64

Swimming velocity can be increased by decreasing the distance you achieve per stroke

Question 65

The one-piece performance enhancing swimming suits developed by companies like Speedo and Adidas actually slowed the swimmers down

Question 66

The lift force in swimming lifts the swimmer out of the water

Question 67

A more streamlined position in the water i.e. lying flat would help reduce the form drag acting on the swimmer

Question 68

Explain what was the function of the one-piece swimming suit designed by such companies as Speedo and Adidas

Question 69

Identify what is currently allowed by the international ruling body for swimming (FINA) for both male and female competitive swimmers, with regards to swimming suits

Question 70

Describe how the drag and lift propulsion methods used in swimming help the swimmer to swim faster

Question 71

Explain how you would reduce the three forms of resistive forces seen in swimming

Question 72

Estimates from the early 2000's suggested that golf was regularly enjoyed by how many people Worldwide?

A) About 60 million
B) Fewer than 20 million
C) About 30 million
D) About 80 million
E) Over 100 million

Question 73

Shoulder injuries account for approximately what percentage of golf-related injuries?

A) 0.117
B) 0.135
C) 0.2
D) 0.05
E) 0.253

Question 74

The tendency for the body to 'unwind' in a sequential order from the more proximal (i.e. pelvis) to more distal (i.e. wrist) segments conforms with:

A) The conservation of angular momentum principle
B) Newton's 3rd Law of angular motion
C) The classic golf swing
D) The summation of speed principle
E) None of these

Question 75

At which time points during the golf swing are low back injuries most commonly sustained?

A) Late follow-through
B) Impact
C) Top of backswing
D) Start of backswing
E) Early follow-through

Question 76

All golfers with low back pain will benefit equally from a specific rehabilitation program

Question 77

Golfers should attempt to delay ulnar deviation during the latter stages of the downswing to maximise the angular velocity of the clubhead

Question 78

During the golf swing, the backswing phase commences when the shoulders begin to rotate away from the target

Question 79

Using Fig. F7.1 and Fig F7.2, describe some of the key differences between the classic and modern golf swings and discuss what attributes of the modern swing are most likely to contribute to the higher rate of golf-related injuries associated with this technique.
Fig. F7.1 Fig. F7.2