Question 1

What are the four conditions that facilitated the growth of the school counseling profession?&#10;A) Growth of labor unions, use of foreign labor, extension of vocational education, and the multiple political party system&#10;B) Roger's humanism, Merrill's vocational theory, Parson's trait/factor theory, and organizational systems theory&#10;C) Division of labor, growth of technology, extension of vocational education, and the spread of modern forms of democracy&#10;D) Division of labor, Roger's humanism, Merrill's vocational theory, and the spread of modern forms of democracy

Accepted Answer

The growth of the school counseling profession was facilitated by broader societal and educational changes, including the division of labor, which necessitated more specialized career guidance; the growth of technology, which changed the nature of work and required new skills; the extension of vocational education, which aimed to prepare students for specific careers; and the spread of modern forms of democracy, which emphasized individual rights and opportunities, including education and career choice.

Question 2

Generally, the beginning of the school counseling profession focused upon?&#10;A) Humanism&#10;B) Vocational guidance&#10;C) Individual counseling&#10;D) Comprehensive, developmental guidance programming

Accepted Answer

The beginning of the school counseling profession in the early 1900s was mainly focused on vocational guidance, helping students choose career paths and preparing them for the workforce. It wasn't until later in the mid-20th century that the profession shifted towards a more holistic and developmental approach with comprehensive guidance programming. Humanism and individual counseling were also important aspects of the profession's development, but not necessarily at the beginning.

Question 3

Who was nicknamed the &#34;Father of Guidance?&#34;&#10;A) Parsons&#10;B) Merrill&#10;C) Weaver&#10;D) Davis

Accepted Answer

Frank Parsons is often referred to as the "Father of Guidance" due to his pioneering work in career guidance and counseling.

Question 4

Parsons' Trait/Factor theory represented a 3-step approach to vocational guidance, including:&#10;A) Assessing your aptitude, understanding how your aptitude relates to your chosen career, and making a decision regarding whether there is sufficient overlap between the two to continue with that career trajectory&#10;B) Finding your aptitudes, strengths and interests, developing a knowledge of the career choice and conditions for success, and understanding the relationship between the first two steps&#10;C) Learning about the conditions for success in your chosen profession, aligning your strengths with your career choice, and optimizing the conditions for success&#10;D) Identifying your aptitudes, strengths, and interests, researching career choices that are commensurate with these aptitudes, strengths, and interests, and selecting one of the choices that best fits with your profile.

Accepted Answer

Parsons' Trait/Factor theory represented a 3-step approach which includes finding your aptitudes, strengths and interests, developing a knowledge of the career choice and conditions for success, and understanding the relationship between the first two steps. This process helps individuals select a career that is well-suited to their abilities and interests. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 5

Which of the following professional organizations did not result from the work of the early vocational pioneers?&#10;A) The National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)&#10;B) The American School Counselor Association (ASCA)&#10;C) The American Counseling Association (ACA)&#10;D) All of these resulted from the early vocational pioneers' work

Accepted Answer

All of these organizations (NVGA, ASCA, ACA) have roots in the early vocational guidance movement, reflecting the evolution and expansion of the field into broader aspects of counseling and guidance beyond just vocational issues.

Question 6

Which of Roger's theoretical concepts and approaches became foundational competencies for counselors in training?&#10;A) Unconditional positive regard and empathy&#10;B) Unconditional positive regard and the non-directive, client-centered approach&#10;C) Empathy and the non-directive, client-centered approach&#10;D) Self-actualization and unconditional positive regard

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard and the non-directive, client-centered approach are the two foundational competencies for counselors in training that were developed by Carl Rogers in his client-centered therapy. These concepts focus on creating a non-judgmental and supportive environment for the client, promoting their autonomy and self-discovery. Empathy is also a key component of the client-centered approach, but it is not considered a foundational competency on its own. Self-actualization, while important in Rogers' theory, is not typically considered a competency for counselors in training.

Question 7

A systemic approach to school counseling came about with:&#10;A) The combination of encouraging students to find their aptitudes, strengths and interests and develop a knowledge of the possible career choice and conditions for success&#10;B) b. Wellman's three domains of educational, career, and social development, accompanied by operational objectives, and Parson's trait/factor theory&#10;C) Gysbers and Myrick's advocacy for a comprehensive, standards-based, developmental school counseling curriculum and the adoption of Roger's theoretical concepts of unconditional positive regard and empathy&#10;D) Wellman's three domains of educational, career, and social development, accompanied by operational objectives, and Gysbers and Myrick's advocacy for a comprehensive, standards-based, developmental school counseling curriculum

Accepted Answer

The systemic approach to school counseling came about with the combination of Wellman's three domains of educational, career, and social development, accompanied by operational objectives, and Gysbers and Myrick's advocacy for a comprehensive, standards-based, developmental school counseling curriculum. This approach emphasizes the importance of addressing the whole student and all aspects of their development, rather than just focusing on one area.

Question 8

In the 1960's and 1970's, there were debates regarding whether or not the professional identity of school counselors should abide by the guidance educational model, or adhere to:&#10;A) The psychologist model of counseling&#10;B) The humanist model of counseling&#10;C) The behaviorist model of counseling&#10;D) The cognitive model of counseling.

Accepted Answer

In the 1960's and 1970's, there was a debate between those who believed that school counselors should follow the guidance educational model, which emphasizes providing students with information and skills to make their own decisions, and those who believed that school counselors should follow the psychologist model of counseling, which emphasizes diagnosing and treating mental health issues. Ultimately, the American School Counselor Association took the position that school counselors should use a guidance and counseling model that incorporates aspects of both approaches, but prioritizes the guidance educational model. The humanist, behaviorist, and cognitive models were also discussed during this time, but did not gain as much traction in the debate as the guidance educational and psychologist models.

Question 9

Many states abandoned the previous requisite of teaching experience to become a school counselor because research suggested that:&#10;A) those with teaching experience tended to be less effective as school counselors&#10;B) those with teaching experience needed separate, specialized training programs to accommodate their needs&#10;C) both previous teachers and those with no teaching experience were novices in the school counseling profession&#10;D) The time and cost involved in pursuing a teaching degree and school counselor training was significantly more than those coming from other fields.

Accepted Answer

Research suggested that both previous teachers and those with no teaching experience were novices in the school counseling profession, indicating that teaching experience was not necessarily a prerequisite for success in the field. Therefore, many states abandoned this requirement.

Question 10

Which Act increased the number of elementary school counselors?&#10;A) The Elementary School Counseling Act&#10;B) The Elementary and Secondary Counseling Act&#10;C) The Elementary and Secondary Education Act&#10;D) The Secondary Counseling Act

Accepted Answer

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) provides funding for various programs, including initiatives to improve counseling services in elementary and secondary schools. While the act does not specifically mention increasing the number of elementary school counselors, it does provide funding to support counselor training and hiring, which could result in an increase in counselors at all levels.

Question 11

The Vocational Education Act of 1963, the Vocational Education Amendments of 1968, and the Education Amendment of 1976 redirected the professional focus back to its origins of career awareness and career decision making. These bills reflected the desire of Congress to ensure that the U.S. remained a viable global competitor by encouraging:

A) students to pursue coursework and careers in math and the sciences
B) students to remain in school
C) students to achieve academic excellence
D) students with disabilities to graduate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Vocational Education Act of 1963, the...

Question 12

During the ___________, there was a shift towards establishing a comprehensive, standards-based curriculum, based on the work of Gysbers, Myrick, and Johnson.&#10;A) 1960's and 1970's&#10;B) 1970's and 1980's&#10;C) 1980's and 1990's&#10;D) 1990's and 2000's

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the ___________, there was a shift...

Question 13

What event ultimately resulted in the publication of the first manual on counselor preparation by the NVGA?&#10;A) The conference of the American Personnel and Guidance (APGA)&#10;B) The conference of the Association of Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)&#10;C) The conference of National Education Association (NEA)&#10;D) The first National Conference of State Supervisors of Guidance Services and Counselor Trainers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What event ultimately resulted in the publication...

Question 14

_______________had a significant impact upon the role of the school counselors due to the use of standardized measurements, such as the Army's Alpha and Beta intelligence tests, being introduced to identify youth for armed services selection.

A) The Korean War
B) The Vietnam War
C) World War I
D) World War II

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________had a significant impact upon the role...

Question 15

The ___________ brought the first recognition of the profession of school counseling "in the form of legislation and the creation of a national office in the federal government as well as state offices for guidance."

A) 1920's
B) 1930's
C) 1940's
D) 1950's

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ___________ brought the first recognition of...

Question 16

The passage of the __________provided federal funds for guidance program supervision, salaries of counselor-trainees and counselor supervisors, and research on the activities of school counselors.&#10;A) Elementary and Secondary Education Act&#10;B) Career Education Act of 1978,&#10;C) Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975&#10;D) Vocational Education of 1946, also known as the George Barden Act

Accepted Answer

The answer of The passage of the __________provided federal funds...

Question 17

During the political movements of the 1960's and 1970's, school counselors were divided between those who:&#10;A) identified primarily as educators versus those who classified themselves as human relation specialists&#10;B) identified primarily as vocational advocates versus those who classified themselves as human relation specialists&#10;C) identified primarily as individual counselors versus those who promoted the use of a comprehensive, developmental guidance curriculum&#10;D) identified primarily as elementary school counselors versus those who identified primarily as secondary school counselors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the political movements of the 1960's...

Question 18

CACREP was formed in 1981 for the purpose:&#10;A) of developing standards of preparation for all types of counseling professionals&#10;B) of developing a national credentialing exam&#10;C) of awarding certificates for the specific types of counseling professionals, including the National Certified School Counselor (NCSC)&#10;D) of formalizing school counseling as its own profession.

Accepted Answer

The answer of CACREP was formed in 1981 for the...

Question 19

The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 had a profound impact upon the school counseling profession (Gysbers, 2010) because of the perception of a nation at risk due to:&#10;A) McCarthyism (the practice of making accusations of treason)&#10;B) The Civil Rights, Feminist, and Peace movements&#10;C) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' launch of Sputnik and the escalation of the Cold War&#10;D) The economic decline due to job losses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of...

Question 20

Several social issues impacted the school counseling profession during the 1970's, including:&#10;A) McCarthyism and xenophobia&#10;B) the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' launch of Sputnik, and the escalation of the Cold War&#10;C) The Civil Rights, Feminist, and Peace movements&#10;D) Both an economic recession and a decline in the school population, resulting in declining school budgets and the elimination of school counseling positions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Several social issues impacted the school counseling...

Deck 1: History and Trends in the School Counseling Profession