Deck 22: Altruism and Antisocial Behaviour

Question 1

The anxiety we perceive when we become aware of the conflict between our behaviour and our attitudes is called

A) cognitive dissonance
B) self-serving bias
C) attribution syndrome
D) fundamental attribution anxiety

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The tendency of people to be less likely to help strangers in need if there are other people present at the scene is called the

A) bystander effect
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution error
D) sadism effect

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The details of the Kitty Genovese murder in Kew Gardens, Queens, New York, gave rise to interest in this social psychological phenomenon

A) learned helplessness
B) inclusive fitness
C) reciprocal altruism
D) bystander non-intervention

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In laboratory studies of the bystander effect, the general rule is that the presence of groups

A) reduces the likelihood that a crime will be committed
B) reduces the likelihood of any one individual offering aid
C) increases the likelihood that an emergency will occur
D) increases the likelihood of any one individual offering aid

Question 5

In contrast to early research on the bystander effect, the more dangerous the circumstance and the more clear-cut the physical danger,

A) the less likely an individual is to offer aid
B) the more likely an individual is to contribute to the assault
C) the less likely an additional crime will occur
D) the more likely an individual is to offer aid

Question 6

Cosmides and Tooby (e.g., 2005) used the Wasson selection task to gather evidence of these psychological mechanisms.

A) social contracts
B) cheater detection mechanisms
C) reciprocal altruistic mechanisms
D) in-group biases

Question 7

The lessening of self-awareness or identity when in a group that may lead to reduced concern about how your behaviour will be evaluated by others is referred to as

A) social loafing
B) the bystander effect
C) deindividuation
D) reciprocal altruism

Question 8

The effects of deindividuation on behaviour were revealed in this classic psychological study.

A) the Milgram obedience experiment
B) the Asch conformity experiment
C) the Stanford Prison experiment
D) the Robber's Cave experiment

Question 9

The Stanford Prison study was constructed to examine the influence of these implicit rules for behaving in certain situations.

A) social roles
B) normative influences
C) individual traits
D) social traits

Question 10

The offering of assistance to others without the expectation of immediate reward is called

A) altruism
B) generosity
C) empathy
D) compassion

Question 11

All of the following are considered prosocial behaviours or emotions, EXCEPT:

A) altruism
B) aggression
C) empathy
D) compassion

Question 12

Usually, when laypersons or scientists ask themselves why or how a person behaved the way he or she did, they are asking about

A) ultimate causes
B) proximate causes
C) social causes
D) evolutionary causes

Question 13

Proximate causes for an altruistic behaviour, such as helping an elderly person cross the street, are usually described in terms of

A) evolutionary adaptiveness
B) social role theory
C) immediate motivation
D) ultimate causes

Question 14

These explanations describe how the effects of some behaviour would have benefited the survival and reproduction of human beings over evolutionary time and therefore evolved through natural selection.

A) ultimate causes
B) proximate causes
C) social causes
D) evolutionary causes

Question 15

According to this theory, an organism is reproductively fit not only to the extent that it can survive and reproduce, but also to the extent that it passes on its genetic line to new generations.

A) theory of natural selection
B) theory of inclusive fitness
C) theory of genetic variation
D) theory of adaptive selection

Question 16

According to this theory, psychological attributes that motivate altruism will evolve under conditions where altruism is expected to be reciprocated at some point in the future.

A) theory of inclusive fitness
B) theory of adaptive altruism
C) theory of reciprocal altruism
D) theory of selective fitness

Question 17

The social psychological term to describe unharmonious relations among groups is

A) intergroup conflict
B) race-relations bias
C) social conflict
D) normative influence

Question 18

The deliberate attempt to exterminate an entire people, which is often present in intergroup conflicts, is called

A) genocide
B) patricide
C) warmongering
D) ethnic cleansing

Question 19

Attributing clusters of traits to specific categories of individuals and objects, which serves an important purpose in human social cognition, is called

A) stereotyping
B) in-group bias
C) out-group homogeneity
D) prejudice

Question 20

The tendency to judge an individual based on beliefs about, or feelings toward, the group to which the person belongs is called

A) stereotyping
B) prejudice
C) racism
D) ethnic cleansing

Question 21

This is the tendency to favour and extend loyalty to members of one's own group over members of other groups.

A) in-group bias
B) out-group bias
C) in-group homogeneity
D) out-group homogeneity

Question 22

In the Robber's Cave experiment, the experimenters promoted in-group bias by

A) allowing the boys to choose their group members
B) allowing the boys to choose names for their groups
C) encouraging the boys to interact with boys outside their own groups
D) encouraging cooperative behavior between groups

Question 23

The rivalry between the Eagles and Rattlers in the Robber's Cave experiment was only remedied when the experimenters

A) brought the boys together to celebrate July 4th
B) encouraged the boys to shake hands with the other group members
C) had the boys cooperate to find out why the camp's water supply had failed
D) brought the boys together to watch a favourite film

Question 24

One way that dehumanization of outgroups may occur is through the emotion of

A) anger
B) disgust
C) frustration
D) sadness

Question 25

When someone is unaware of the prejudicial biases in their behaviours, it is called

A) implicit theory
B) implicit prejudice
C) dynamic racism
D) explicit prejudice

Question 26

The human motivation to feel like a "valuable member of a meaningful universe" as a way of transcending and defeating death is a part of

A) terror management theory
B) reciprocal prejudice
C) theory reciprocal altruism
D) social-comparison theory

Question 27

The ability to take another person's perspective and understand why the person feels as he or she does is known as

A) the proximate cause
B) empathy
C) intelligence
D) intuition

Question 28

Some researchers have observed a sense of fairness and willingness t o share emerging as young as

A) 2 months
B) 15 months
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 29

The immediate causes of behaviour are known as

A) Proximate causes
B) Ultimate causes
C) Immediate explanation
D) Genetic by-products

Question 30

The forces that shaped the capacity or tendency for behaviour are known as

A) Proximate causes
B) Ultimate causes
C) Immediate explanation
D) Genetic by-products

Question 31

Mirror neuron research has revealed that areas of the brain normally activated when one experiences pain were also activated when

A) hearing a loud sound
B) viewing another person delivering bad news
C) delivering a mild shock to another person
D) viewing another person about to experience pain

Question 32

This theory stresses the fact that natural selection operates on genes, not on individuals and their bodies

A) theory of evolution
B) altruistic theory
C) theory of inclusive fitness
D) theory of reciprocal altruism

Question 33

This theory proposes that psychological attributes that motivate altruism, such as empathy, will evolve under conditions where altruism is expected to be reciprocated at some point in the future

A) theory of evolution
B) Altruistic theory
C) theory of inclusive fitness
D) theory of reciprocal altruism

Question 34

Although both men and women are capable of extreme forms of aggression, direct physical aggression is

A) Less common in boys and men
B) More common in boys and men
C) More common in girls and women
D) Similar for men and women

Question 35

Which of the following is true for the sex difference in real-world aggression than in laboratory research

A) The size of the sex difference in real-world aggression is similar than found in laboratory research
B) The size of the sex difference in real-world aggression is much greater than found in laboratory research
C) The size of the sex difference in real-world aggression is much smaller than found in laboratory research
D) There are no sex difference in real-world aggression, although they are found in laboratory research

Question 36

This hypothesis holds that the association between testosterone and aggression in men is highly dependent on age and context

A) sex-dependent aggression hypothesis
B) reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis
C) challenge hypothesis
D) hypothesis of inclusive fitness

Question 37

According to this hypothesis, anger and consequent aggression can arise from virtually any form of unpleasant event

A) challenge hypothesis
B) reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis
C) hypothesis of inclusive fitness
D) adaptation hypothesis

Question 38

Berkowitz's reformulated theory stresses the power of cognitive associations to produce anger and subsequent aggression, it is sometimes called the

A) challenge hypothesis
B) cognitive neoassociation model of aggression
C) hypothesis of inclusive fitness
D) adaptation hypothesis

Question 39

This model holds that whether aggression does or does not occur in any interaction is dependent upon a complex interaction between four factors

A) cognitive neoassociation model of aggression
B) challenge model
C) model of inclusive fitness
D) the general aggression model (GAM)

Question 40

The social psychological term to describe non-harmonious relations among groups is

A) National conflict
B) Harmonious conflict
C) Intergroup conflict
D) Intercultural conflict

Question 41

The probability of bystander apathy increases where

A) there is physical danger
B) the Situation is predictable
C) the Situation is ambiguous
D) when males are present

Question 42

Competence and warmth are two dimensions of

A) empathy
B) aggression
C) conformity
D) stereotyping

Question 43

A type cognitive bias in which reactions to a group are shaped by a blend of positive and negative stereotypes operating on two dimensions

A) self-serving bias
B) interpretation bias
C) moderate bias
D) in-group bias

Question 44

The tendency to favour and extend loyalty to members of one's own group is known as

A) out-group bias
B) in-group bias
C) moderate bias
D) interpretation bias

Question 45

This method is used to assess unconscious bias known as implicit prejudice

A) Implicit prejudice test (IPT)
B) Implicit association test (IAT)
C) Implicit knowledge test (IKT)
D) Implicit group test (IGT)

Question 46

The general term used when an individual or group carries out an act that is intended to harm another individual or group is known as

A) bullying
B) discrimination
C) prejudice
D) aggression

Question 47

The type of aggression carries out in pursuit of another goal is known as

A) Instrumental aggression
B) Hostile aggression
C) Intentional aggression
D) Avoidance aggression

Question 48

The type of aggression carries out with the ultimate aim to inflict harm

A) Instrumental aggression
B) Hostile aggression
C) Intentional aggression
D) Avoidance aggression

Question 49

Individual prejudice against members of other ethnic groups is known as

A) discrimination
B) ethnicism
C) sexism
D) racism

Question 50

In the Kitty Genovese investigation, it was later found that no one watched anything for anywhere near as long as half an hour. The first attack lasted only a few moments.

Question 51

The basic idea behind the theory of inclusive fitness regarding altruism is that the tendency evolved under conditions where altruism was expected to be reciprocated.

Question 52

The tendency toward in-group bias is so strong that researchers can create artificial groups by randomly assigning people to two categories by tossing a coin.

Question 53

According to Allport's intergroup contact theory, prejudice is diminished when positive, constructive contact occurs between members of different groups.

Question 54

Terror management theory (TMT) is an existential psychological theory that proposes that much human behaviour is motivated by a need to manage or reduce the terror associated with one's own mortality.

Question 55

Instrumental aggression is when the ultimate purpose of aggression is harming the victim.

Question 56

The theory of reciprocal altruism proposes that psychological attributes that motivate altruism towards non-kin will only evolve under conditions where there is some expectation that altruistic acts will be reciprocated.

Question 57

According to Fiske and Cuddy, stereotyping can be captured on two dimensions - competence and worth

Question 58

An act is considered aggressive regardless of whether the aggressor intended to be harmful.

Question 59

Deindividuation involves an increase in self-awareness or personal identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behaviour will be evaluated by others.

Question 60

_________causes are the immediate causes of behaviour, whereas _________causes of behaviour are forces that shaped the capacity or tendency for the behaviour to exist in the first place.

Question 61

The tendency for a person to be less likely to intervene and offer help to a stranger in an emergency situation when others a present is known as the ______.

Question 62

__________refers to automatic, unconscious bias against a group, typically measured using the _____.

Question 63

According to __________theory, human behaviour is motivated to manage or reduce the terror that results from _________of our eventual death.

Question 64

The probability of bystander apathy increases when the situation is _________and where those needing help are _____.

Question 65

One factor that appears to be present frequently when _________occurs is the emotion of _________at the out-group.

Question 66

Jackson et al found that areas of the _________normally activated when one experiences pain were also activated by viewing __________about to experience pain

Question 67

According to Cuddy et al (2007) both _________and negative stereotyping may coexist, this form of cognitive bias is known as ______.

Question 68

There are known sex differences in aggression, with _________responsible for more direct or physical aggression than ______.

Question 69

Intergroup conflict accounts for much large-scale aggression, characterised by _________and ______.

Question 70

The Robber's Cave experiment is an excellent example of some solutions to our tendency to form in-group biases. Describe the experiment and also how the results fit with Allport's intergroup contact theory.

Question 71

Explain the nature of prejudice including the distinction between stereotypes, hostility and discrimination, and the key features of racism and sexism.

Question 72

Discuss research into the role of in-group bias, implicit bias, and terror management in prejudice.

Question 73

Explain the nature of aggression, including its key characteristics and the distinction between aggression and violence and between hostile and instrumental aggression.