Deck 11: Social-Emotional Development in Children

Question 1

This tendency to respond in relatively consistent ways (i.e. calm, or fussy) by infants throughout the first years of life is called

A) personality
B) extraversion
C) anxiety
D) temperament

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is not a dimension of temperament proposed by Buss and Plomin (1984)?

A) anxious avoidance
B) effort control
C) negative emotionality
D) extraversion

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is true regarding sex differences in temperament?

A) girls tend to score more highly on extraversion while boys score high on negative emotionality
B) boys tend to score more highly on extraversion while girls score high on effort control
C) boys score more highly on extraversion while girls score highly on negative emotionality
D) girls score more highly on extraversion while boys score more highly on effort control

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An infant that is able to focus or shift attention as needed, inhibit inappropriate behaviour and plan actions will measure high on

A) effortful control
B) negative emotionality
C) secure attachment
D) extraversion

Question 5

When infants are easily frustrated, fearful, uncomfortable, sad, or unusually fussy, their temperament is high on

A) effortful control
B) negative emotionality
C) secure attachment
D) extraversion

Question 6

Babies that score highly on this dimension of temperament are the most outgoing and least shy of the bunch

A) effortful control
B) negative emotionality
C) secure attachment
D) extraversion

Question 7

Which of the following results is true regarding the persistence of temperament dimensions beyond early childhood?

A) Children who were found to be introverted at age three were equally shy in young adulthood.
B) Impulsive children were found to develop into managers and executives at top companies.
C) Sociable and even tempered toddlers were the most likely to seek therapy for adult behaviour problems.
D) Children who lacked emotional control at age three tended to improve as they progressed through elementary education.

Question 8

Most researchers believe that temperament is primarily a(n)

A) phenomenon unrelated to development
B) biologically-based phenomenon
C) phenomenon that predicts personality traits
D) unshared environmental influence

Question 9

The unique experiences of each infant that contribute to the environmental portion of temperament and other developmental phenomenon are termed the

A) shared environment
B) biological environment
C) non-shared environment
D) ecological environment

Question 10

Beginning when the infant is about 6 months old, an intimate bond develops between caregivers and infants, called

A) temperament
B) assimilation
C) attachment
D) accommodation

Question 11

John Bowlby, the father of attachment theory, was influenced by Konrad Lorenz's research on ______________ in goslings

A) attachment
B) imprinting
C) ambivalence
D) sensitive periods

Question 12

According to attachment researchers, the child develops an understanding of his or her place in the world and arrives at expectations about the likely behaviour of other people by developing a(n)

A) internal working model
B) expectation system
C) assimilation model
D) attachment paradigm

Question 13

Mary Ainsworth developed this research strategy to measure individual differences in the quality of infants' attachments with their caregivers.

A) the strange situation
B) the attachment buffer
C) the diathesis-stress situation
D) the internal working model

Question 14

In the strange situation task, attachment researchers are most interested in

A) the period of time the mother is away from the child
B) the reaction of the child when the mother returns to the child
C) the influence of the stranger on the child
D) the likelihood that a child will engage in play with the stranger

Question 15

Two-year old Anna is friendly to strangers if her mother is present, but wary of them when her mother is not around. Anna also reacts with joy when her mother returns home from work even though she may get upset throughout the day. What style of attachment does Anna best represent?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) insecure-ambivalent
D) unorganized

Question 16

Eighteen-month old Ezra shows little distress when his mother leaves him with his grandmother, but also shows little interest in interacting with her when she returns. Ezra's attachment style is

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) insecure-ambivalent
D) unorganized

Question 17

Three-year old Tatiana is always on high alert. When her mother leaves her in the care of her baby-sitter, she is often unconsoloable, even when her mother returns to try and ease the stress of the situation. Tatiana exhibits this attachment style

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) insecure-ambivalent
D) unorganized

Question 18

Among the assertions by attachment theorists about the existence of the attachment styles and cultural significance, which of the following is best supported by research?

A) A child who is securely attached at one age will remain that way throughout life.
B) Forming attachment relationships in infancy is a universal human tendency.
C) The internal working model based on an infant's attachment with his or her mother is the only template for further social development.
D) Avoidant attachment styles lead to a greater likelihood that a child will develop behaviour problems.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true regarding the results of the longitudinal study of childcare conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Development?

A) High-quality day care appears to be good for very young children's cognitive-intellectual development.
B) Children who experienced high-quality day care (but not low-quality care) showed lower levels of math achievement test scores.
C) High-quality day care appears to be good for very young children's social and emotional development.
D) Day-care quality had a greater impact on cognitive development than did parenting quality.

Question 20

To developmental psychologists, the term attachment describes the intimate bond that develops between an infant and

A) the hospital staff that deliver the baby
B) It's siblings
C) It's caregivers
D) other infants the same age

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an attachment

A) pleasure at reunion
B) proximity-seeking
C) separation distress
D) neglect

Question 22

Lorenz (1937) showed that if he and not the mother goose were present during the critical post-hatching imprinting period, then

A) The goslings would always follow their mother
B) The goslings ignored their actual mother and followed Lorenz
C) The goslings would follow Lorenz on land and their mother on water
D) The goslings did not form an attachment

Question 23

A secure attachment is also referred to as a

A) type B attachment
B) type C attachment
C) secondary attachment
D) type A attachment

Question 24

An avoidant attachment is also referred to as a

A) type B attachment
B) type C attachment
C) secondary attachment
D) type A attachment

Question 25

An insecure ambivalent attachment is also referred to as a

A) type B attachment
B) type C attachment
C) secondary attachment
D) type A attachment

Question 26

Some researchers, for example Jay Belsky have argued that extensive experience of day care outside the home

A) Improves children's educational achievement
B) Leads to insecure attachments
C) Leads to more secure attachments
D) Leads to happier children

Question 27

Andersson (1996) followed up 128 Swedish children who had experiences day care in early childhood and found

A) These children were more likely to have insecure attachments
B) These children had higher educational achievement and social skills
C) These children were more likely to be avoidant
D) These children were malnourished

Question 28

In his work examining the effects of early institutionalization, Ruttler found

A) Institutionalization did not influence cognitive development
B) Orphans experience normal stimulation and human contact
C) The longer period of institutionalization the greater the extent of cognitive impairment
D) There was no recovery within the first two years of adoption after institutionalization

Question 29

Which of the following statements is TRUE of peer relations in children

A) The importance of peer relationships decrease throughout childhood
B) Peer relationships are not important if the relationships with the family are enriched
C) By mid-adolescents most young people have greater intimacy with family than friends
D) The importance of peer relationships increase throughout childhood

Question 30

Children have been found to show interest in their peers from as young as

A) 1 year
B) 4 weeks
C) 6 months
D) 3 years

Question 31

Hinde et al (1985) defined friends as children who choose to play together more than

A) 33% of the time
B) 50% of the time
C) 10% of the time
D) 67% of the time

Question 32

O'Brien and Bierman (1988) asked American children and adolescents to describe the nature of friendship groups. Which of the following is NOT true of what they found

A) Adolescents defined friendship as belonging to a group with shared values and appearance
B) Younger participants tended to define friendship groups behaviourally
C) Adolescents tended to define friendship groups behaviourally
D) Younger participants defined friendships groups as those who engaged in activities together

Question 33

Coie and Dodge (1983) identified five categories of ______, used to examine individual differences in children's popularity.

A) extraversion groups
B) friendship groups
C) sociometric status
D) status differentiation groups

Question 34

Coie and Dodge (1983) asked children to categorise their peers as

A) 'friendly' or 'not friendly'
B) 'older' or 'younger'
C) 'male' or 'female'
D) 'liked most' or 'liked least'

Question 35

Which of the following is not a category of sociometric status identified by Coie and Dodge (1983)

A) neglected
B) popular
C) unpopular
D) average

Question 36

Children identified as belonging to the 'neglected' sociometric status group are

A) frequently categorized as 'liked most' and rarely as 'liked least'
B) rarely categorized as 'liked most' or 'liked least'
C) moderately and equally likely to be 'liked most' or 'liked least'
D) frequently categorized both as 'liked most' and 'liked least.'

Question 37

Children identified as belonging to the 'controversial' sociometric status group are

A) frequently categorized as 'liked most' and rarely as 'liked least'
B) rarely categorized as 'liked most' or 'liked least'
C) moderately and equally likely to be 'liked most' or 'liked least'
D) frequently categorized both as 'liked most' and 'liked least.'

Question 38

Children identified as belonging to the 'average' sociometric status group are

A) frequently categorized as 'liked most' and rarely as 'liked least'
B) rarely categorized as 'liked most' or 'liked least'
C) moderately and equally likely to be 'liked most' or 'liked least'
D) frequently categorized both as 'liked most' and 'liked least.'.

Question 39

Children identified as belonging to the 'popular' sociometric status group are

A) frequently categorized as 'liked least' and rarely as 'liked most'
B) rarely categorized as 'liked most' or 'liked least'
C) moderately and equally likely to be 'liked most' or 'liked least'
D) often 'liked most' and seldom 'liked least'

Question 40

Children identified as belonging to the 'rejected' sociometric status group are

A) frequently categorized as 'liked most' and rarely as 'liked least'
B) rarely categorized as 'liked most' or 'liked least'
C) frequently categorized as 'liked least' and rarely as 'liked most'
D) frequently categorized both as 'liked most' and 'liked least.'.

Question 41

Which is a form of learning that occurs rapidly during a critical period and which the animal is biologically prepared to acquire

A) Operant conditioning
B) Imprinting
C) Lorenz
D) Classical conditioning

Question 42

Atypical attachments have been recognised in major systems of psychiatric classification and are referred to as

A) Secure disorders
B) Unorganised disorders
C) Attachment disorders
D) Mood disorders

Question 43

Which attachment disorder is characterised by lack of comfort-seeking and unexplained fear of sadness during interaction with adults.

A) Disinhibited social engagement disorder
B) Generalized anxiety disorder
C) Social anxiety disorder
D) Reactive attachment disorder

Question 44

This attachment disorder is characterised by lack of usual inhibitions in interacting with strangers

A) Disinhibited social engagement disorder
B) Generalized anxiety disorder
C) Social anxiety disorder
D) Reactive attachment disorder

Question 45

__ is the ability of the primary caregiver to detect and respond to non-verbal cues with which the infant signals its need

A) Distress reduction
B) Reactive attachment
C) Sensitive responsiveness
D) Ambivalent responsiveness

Question 46

The term prequelae means

A) What comes after
B) What happens alongside
C) What comes before
D) What happens in the distant future

Question 47

The term sequelae means

A) What comes after
B) What happens alongside
C) What comes before
D) What happens in the distant future

Question 48

Which of the following statements is NOT true

A) Secure attachment predicts good peer relations throughout childhood
B) Secure attachment is associated with low rates of delinquency in adolescence
C) Secure attachment is associated with hypermentalizing
D) Insecure attachment is associated with hypermentalizing

Question 49

Which of these attachment types has been proposed as a risk factor for depression

A) Avoidant attachment
B) Insecure attachment
C) Secure attachment
D) Ambivalent attachment

Question 50

This type of study involves following people up after a significant early event and seeing how they develop

A) Experimental study
B) Prospective study
C) Cross-sectional study
D) Diagnostic study

Question 51

If an infant has a caregiver who provides consistently kind and responsive treatment, he or she may develop a working model that suggests that the world is an unfriendly and noxious place.

Question 52

When the mother returns in the strange situation, the insecure-ambivalent infant may rush back to her, but is equally likely to resist her attempts at soothing.

Question 53

Apart from parenting style, parents may have an influence on their children's personality and social development indirectly by influencing the choices the children make regarding peers.

Question 54

According to research, as children become adolescent, their friendships become less intimate and supportive, with more emphasis on belonging to a large group.

Question 55

According to the five categories of sociometric status, children who are rarely categories as 'liked most' or 'liked least' by their peers belong to the neglected popularity type.

Question 56

Higher levels of sensitive responsiveness have been associated with insecure attachment types

Question 57

According to Bowlby (1969), infants develop an external working model of the social world

Question 58

According to research by Coi and colleagues (1982), children rated highest for attractiveness are most often categorised as 'most liked'

Question 59

Imprinting refers to a form of learning that occurs rapidly during a critical period, often referring to the first 6 months of life in animals.

Question 60

Reactive attachment disorder is characterised by lack of normal inhibitions in interacting with strangers. Children with this disorder may actively approach and interact with strangers indiscriminately.

Question 61

__________infants show friendliness toward strangers if the mother is present, but wariness if the mother is absent.

Question 62

__________is the dimension of temperament that describes the extent to which an infant or child is able to focus or shift attention, plan actions constructively and inhibit inappropriate behaviour.

Question 63

_________is a form of learning that occurs rapidly during a _________period and which the animal is biologically prepared to acquire.

Question 64

__________is the ability of the primary carer to detect and respond to the non-verbal cues with which the infant signals its needs.

Question 65

According to Coi and Dodge's _________categories of sociometric status. Children who are frequently categorised both as 'liked most' and 'liked least' belong to the _________popularity type.

Question 66

_________security in infants can be measured using a controlled observation called the _______.

Question 67

In younger children friendship can only be defined using _______.

Question 68

Bowlby (1969) suggested that an infant develops an ___________of the social world based largely on their early______.

Question 69

Children as young as __________appear to show interest in their peers, and by __________ they help each other; for example, reaching for objects that another toddler cannot reach

Question 70

O'Brien and Bierman (1988) asked American children and adolescents aged 9, 13, and 16 to describe the nature of friendship groups. The younger participants tended to define friendship groups ____. By adolescence the criterion for belonging to a friendship group had shifted to __________and appearance.

Question 71

Attachment is a well-researched part of social development. Describe the strange situation task pioneered by Mary Ainsworth, and describe the three different attachment styles that might be observed in a strange situation.

Question 72

The importance of peer relationships increases throughout childhood. Describe the development of peer relations, and describe factors that may affect sociometric status in children, making reference to how individual differences in children's sociometric status is often measured.

Question 73

Psychologist Arnold Buss and Geneticist Robert Plomin believed that temperament can be summarised along three dimensions of behaviour. Describe what these three dimensions are, use research to support your answer.

Question 74

According to the Department for Education (2017) there are just over 3,000 000 registered child care places in the UK. Describe and evaluate research examining the potential benefits and negative effects of day-care.