Deck 1: Science and the Research Process

Question 1

Knowledge with a focus on assessment is referred to as ______.

A) predictive
B) improvement
C) descriptive
D) explanatory

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Knowledge with a focus on identified outcomes is referred to as ______.

A) predictive
B) improvement
C) descriptive
D) explanatory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Knowledge designed to determine the effectiveness of interventions is referred to as ______.

A) predictive
B) improvement
C) descriptive
D) explanatory

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What type of research knowledge may be the broadest of all and subsumes all the others?

A) predictive
B) improvement
C) descriptive
D) explanatory

Question 5

Most recently, counseling and psychology influenced by medicine has introduced the use of ______.

A) managed care practices
B) solution-focused practices
C) evidenced-based practices
D) practice-based evidence

Question 6

Science has two primary functions according to ______ and ______.

A) Babbie; Salkind
B) Best; Kahn
C) Montcalm; Royce
D) Moore; Kahn

Question 7

The ultimate goal of science and research is ______.

A) to obtain knowledge that is useful in understanding how our world operates
B) to understand validity and reliability issues
C) to understand the concept of variables
D) to learn how to develop charts and graphs

Question 8

Salkind (2006) argues that ______ is one of the key elements in conducting quality research.

A) subjectivity
B) political ideology
C) objectivity
D) relevance

Question 9

Babbie (2001) argues that there are ______ types of errors that occur in research inquiry.

A) six
B) nine
C) seven
D) four

Question 10

A researcher makes a conclusion that is based more on their own theory versus what is actually observed in the data collected. This error is called ______.

A) error of selective observation
B) error of overgeneralization
C) inaccurate observation
D) illogical reasoning

Question 11

The Scientist-Practitioner model of research requires prioritizing the relevance and importance of research in ______.

A) practice
B) research
C) interests
D) both practice and research

Question 12

The basic concept of the Scientist-Practitioner model is that those practicing the professions of psychology and counseling would split their time and focus ______ between research and practice.

A) 20/80
B) 60/40
C) 50/50
D) 30/70

Question 13

According to Manicas and Secord (1983), scientists practice by creating at least a partially ______ system.

A) open
B) closed
C) permeable
D) split

Question 14

Rick Houser argues the realities of how many master's-level-trained counselors tend to emphasize a ______ first approach when utilizing research.

A) science
B) practice
C) reality
D) objective

Question 15

Lawfulness in counseling and education is determined by ______.

A) the extent to which we can find ways to predict and control events
B) the laws of nature being understandable
C) what is right and good in all situations
D) scientific realism

Question 16

One of the first steps in using and conducting research is ______.

A) evaluating sources
B) citing sources
C) choosing a search engine
D) clarifying a topic and picking search terms

Question 17

Higher quality articles are ______ reviewed, meaning that a publication in a journal has been critiqued by professionals in the field before publication or acceptance.

A) professionally
B) peer
C) extensively
D) none of these

Question 18

Obtaining information on the Internet outside of professional journals can be dangerous for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT ______.

A) lack of systematic evaluation
B) varying accuracy
C) possible credibility issues
D) author of Internet content can be found directly

Question 19

All of the following are examples of plagiarism: ______.

A) submitting another's work as your own
B) stating others' work as your own without noting the source or giving credit
C) not placing quotation marks around a direct quote or giving incorrect information
D) changing words but using the same sentence structure
E) all of these are examples of plagiarism

Question 20

Cybercheating refers to ______.

A) not using a firewall when doing research
B) copying off another student in class
C) taking another's work from the web and copying and pasting it into your paper
D) not using citations in your research paper

Question 21

Science and scientific advances have never been purported to be critical in promoting the well-being of individuals and in societal functioning.

Question 22

The advent of the telephone, electricity, and computers are examples of how science has changed and improved our lives.

Question 23

In our everyday lives we make decisions, some of which are based on scientific information and some that are based on personal sources.

Question 24

Using the research method does not reduce subjective bias in any way.

Question 25

A potential criticism of research is that inevitably the researcher's own bias and selection of what to observe creates problems.

Question 26

In counseling and psychology, there has been a relatively long tradition of graduate-level training from a Practitioner-Science orientation.

Question 27

Most practitioners have been dissatisfied with the heavy emphasis on scientific methods and knowledge.

Question 28

Research advances knowledge in the field of psychology and often guides clinical practice; therefore, most psychologists conduct research after graduate school.

Question 29

The importance of using and applying skills in evaluating research is founded on the classic view of the Scientist-Practitioner model.

Question 30

As professionals, we have an obligation to carefully evaluate knowledge and research results that may be used in the practice of our professions.

Question 31

Best and Kahn (2003) defined science as ______.

Question 32

Moore (1983) defined research as ______.

Question 33

Salkind (2006) suggested that there are a number of elements of quality research; they are ______.

Question 34

Your text identified two sources' of knowledge; discuss each.

Question 35

What are the four different types of knowledge according to the text? Discuss each.

Question 36

List and discuss the four types of errors noted by Babbie (2011).

Question 37

Discuss the concept of Practitioner-Scientist.

Question 38

Accepting the results of a scientific study without ______the methods is analogous to buying something without ever test-driving it.

Question 39

A research article is typically composed of four major sections: ______, ______, ______, and______.

Question 40

Discuss the scientific realism view for explaining events.

Question 41

The words science and research have significant meaning in our current world. Discuss how they have impacted our lives over the last fifty (50) years.

Question 42

Discuss the relevance of using and applying skills in evaluating research.

Question 43

Heiman (1995) cited several important assumptions about science that may be helpful in understanding the difference between scientific activity and nonscience. Identify and discuss these assumptions.

Question 44

List the steps to scientific research. Give an example in educational research illustrating each step.

Question 45

Explain how the steps in scientific research relate to sections of a journal article.