Deck 21: Reducing Your Cancer Risk

Question 1

When cancer spreads to sites in the body that are distant from the primary cancer cells or tumor, this process is known as

A) mutation.
B) advancement.
C) metastasis.
D) progression.

Answer 1

metastasis.

Question 2

The second leading cause of death in the United States is

A) accidents.
B) cancer.
C) diabetes.
D) heart disease.

Answer 2

cancer.

Question 3

Which of the following may increase the risk of breast cancer?

A) Having more than 3 children
B) Being physically active
C) Being obese
D) Having the first child before age 20

Answer 3

Being obese

Question 4

When Angeline seeks treatment for this sexually transmitted virus, her doctor tells her that it has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The virus she has is

A) hepatitis B.
B) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
C) human papillomavirus (HPV).
D) chlamydia.

Question 5

Oncogenes are genes that

A) fight cancer.
B) suppress the normal activity of the immune system.
C) can signal cells to reproduce uncontrollably.
D) have mutated.

Question 6

Cancers are caused by two types of risk factors, those related to heredity and those that result from a person's

A) environment.
B) location.
C) family history.
D) psychological status.

Question 7

Miguel has worked for a construction company installing insulation for 20 years and was recently diagnosed with cancer. Based on his work history, which carcinogen was he mostly likely exposed to, and which type of cancer does he most likely have?

A) Nickel chromate; lung
B) Benzene; throat
C) Asbestos; lung
D) Vinyl chloride; stomach

Question 8

Which of the following statements is True regarding radiation and cancer?

A) Nonionizing radiation has been shown to be a proven cause of cancer.
B) Ionizing radiation is the only form of radiation proven to cause cancer.
C) Living near nuclear power plants has not been shown to increase the risk of cancer.
D) Most forms of ultraviolet radiation have been deemed safe.

Question 9

Jack was told that the tumor in his brain is malignant. This means that the tumor is

A) cancerous.
B) contained within the brain.
C) dormant.
D) noncancerous.

Question 10

One of the primary lifestyle risk factors for cancer is

A) drug use.
B) smoking.
C) a high-protein diet.
D) chemicals in foods.

Question 11

"Never smokers" make up what percentage of all lung cancer cases?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 12

According to Amanda's oncologist, she has been completely cured of breast cancer. Cured means

A) only a slight chance of recurrence.
B) a 10-year survival rate, on average.
C) no cancer symptoms 5 years after diagnosis and long life expectancy.
D) a 25 percent chance of recurrence within five years but expected to survive.

Question 13

Chronic stress, poverty, and emotional or physical trauma are factors that

A) may make an individual more susceptible to cancer.
B) may increase the risk of heart disease but reduce cancer risk.
C) play no role in the risk of developing cancer.
D) contribute to cancer risk only if an individual needs psychotherapy.

Question 14

Substances that are known to cause cancer are referred to as

A) neoplasms.
B) oncogenes.
C) mutations.
D) carcinogens.

Question 15

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by

A) uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
B) solid tumor development.
C) replication of genetic material.
D) predictable spreading of normal and abnormal cells.

Question 16

Nearly 77 percent of all cancers are diagnosed in people in which age range?

A) Over age 35
B) Over age 45
C) Over age 55
D) Over age 65

Question 17

Hodgkin's disease would initially have the greatest influence on the body's ability to

A) produce adequate numbers of red blood cells.
B) defend itself against infections.
C) maintain equilibrium.
D) produce offspring.

Question 18

Tomas was told that the tumor in his brain is benign. This means that the tumor is

A) cancerous.
B) spreading quickly.
C) dormant.
D) noncancerous.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is True regarding cancer risks?

A) If a close family member has had cancer, you have a 50 percent chance of developing the same cancer.
B) Scientists believe that about five percent of all cancers are strongly hereditary.
C) Breast cancer does not appear to run in families.
D) Colon cancer does not appear to show a familial pattern.

Question 20

Hodgkin's disease is classified as a

A) carcinoma.
B) lymphoma.
C) melanoma.
D) sarcoma.

Question 21

The most dangerous form of skin cancer is

A) basal cell carcinoma.
B) squamous cell carcinoma.
C) malignant melanoma.
D) sarcoma.

Question 22

The minimum SPF necessary for a sunscreen to protect the skin is

A) SPF 10.
B) SPF 15.
C) SPF 20.
D) SPF 45.

Question 23

A persistent cough and blood-streaked sputum are symptoms of

A) oral cancer.
B) colon cancer.
C) leukemia.
D) lung cancer.

Question 24

According to the ABCD rule for symptoms of melanoma, the letters stand for

A) acute pain, bleeding, constant swelling, and diameter.
B) asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter.
C) asymmetry, border uniformity, color, and delayed healing.
D) actual size, bleeding, cancer stage, and dark appearance.

Question 25

Which type of cancer is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells?

A) Carcinoma
B) Lymphoma
C) Sarcoma
D) Leukemia

Question 26

Which cancer of the reproductive system causes the most deaths?

A) Cervical cancer
B) Ovarian cancer
C) Uterine cancer
D) Breast cancer

Question 27

What percentage of all lung cancers could be avoided if people did not smoke?

A) 70%
B) 80%
C) 90%
D) 100%

Question 28

Bill is diagnosed with colon cancer. The prognosis for this type of cancer is good if caught early because

A) treatments are so advanced.
B) the disease tends to progress slowly.
C) it can be cured with dietary changes.
D) treatments have few side effects.

Question 29

Increased risk for colon and rectal cancers is linked to

A) a history of ulcers.
B) high consumption of red and processed meats.
C) high consumption of fruits and vegetables.
D) too much calcium in the diet.

Question 30

Excluding skin cancer, the most common cancer in American males today is

A) colon cancer.
B) lung cancer.
C) prostate cancer.
D) testicular cancer.

Question 31

A Pap test is effective for early detection of

A) cervical cancer.
B) ovarian cancer.
C) uterine cancer.
D) colon cancer.

Question 32

Members of which of the following groups are most at risk for skin cancer?

A) People with fair skin, blonde or red hair, and blue or green eyes
B) People with darker skin who tan easily and don't use sunscreen
C) People who tan easily and never burn when they spend time outdoors
D) People who use sunscreen but don't apply it frequently enough

Question 33

Anna had her first child after age 30. She is not physically active and was on oral contraceptives for more than 10 years. Which type cancer is Anna at risk for?

A) Colon
B) Lung
C) Cervical
D) Breast

Question 34

Men in which of the following ethnic groups have the highest risk of developing prostate cancer?

A) Asian
B) Whites of European descent
C) African American
D) Hispanic

Question 35

The best time to perform a testicular self-examination is

A) upon waking in the morning.
B) just before bedtime.
C) after strenuous exercise.
D) after a hot bath or shower.

Question 36

Which of the following age groups is at highest risk of testicular cancer?

A) Age 15 to age 35
B) Age 20 to age 40
C) Age 35 to age 45
D) Age 40 to age 55

Question 37

Selective estrogen-receptor modulators such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are used to treat estrogen-sensitive breast cancer because they

A) block estrogen from estrogen-sensitive cells.
B) enhance the effects of estrogen in estrogen-sensitive cells.
C) decrease estrogen production.
D) increase estrogen production.

Question 38

The best form of prevention for skin cancer is to

A) use tanning beds because they are safer than sunlight.
B) tan outdoors and be sure to use sunscreen.
C) limit exposure to harmful UV rays.
D) take vitamin D supplements.

Question 39

The warning sign of skin cancer in which a mole or lesion has an irregular shape is known as

A) asymmetry.
B) symmetry.
C) discoloration.
D) scaliness.

Question 40

The leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States is

A) lung cancer.
B) breast cancer.
C) colon cancer.
D) prostate cancer.

Question 41

In the United States, men have a 1 in 3 risk of developing some type of cancer over the course of their lifetime.

Question 42

Relative risk is a measure of the strength of the relationship between risk factors and a specific form of cancer.

Question 43

A blood test used to screen for prostate cancer is the

A) MRI.
B) CAT.
C) PSA.
D) Pap.

Question 44

Breast cancer is exclusive to females.

Question 45

New growth of tissue that serves no physiological function is a

A) tumor.
B) neoplasm.
C) lesion.
D) carcinoma.

Question 46

Research has proven that nonionizing radiation from excessive use of cell phones does increase a person's risk for certain types of cancer.

Question 47

HPV and herpes increase the risk of which type of cancer?

A) Breast cancer
B) Ovarian cancer
C) Cervical cancer
D) Uterine cancer

Question 48

The most common form of cancer in the United States today is

A) skin cancer.
B) breast cancer.
C) colon cancer.
D) cervical cancer.

Question 49

Smoking is the cause of 80 percent of all lung cancer deaths in the United States.

Question 50

Chemotherapy uses which method to kill cancerous cells?

A) Radiation
B) Dietary changes
C) Drugs
D) Manipulation of genes

Question 51

The procedure in which a tissue sample is removed and examined to determine if cancer is present is

A) MRI.
B) CAT scan.
C) biopsy.
D) mammography.

Question 52

Being overweight may provide some protection against cancer.

Question 53

Men under the age of 50 have a higher risk of colon cancer.

Question 54

A neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue is a

A) tumor.
B) neoplasm.
C) lesion.
D) carcinoma.

Question 55

Cancer of the blood-forming tissues is known as

A) metastasis.
B) sarcoma.
C) lymphoma.
D) leukemia.

Question 56

People experiencing chronic, severe stress or who have persistent emotional problems have a higher incidence of cancer than those who don't suffer from these conditions.

Question 57

Lifestyle factors do not play a significant role in the development of cancer.

Question 58

In the United States, the leading cause of death is heart disease.

Question 59

Noncancerous tissue is referred to as

A) squamous.
B) neoplastic.
C) malignant.
D) benign.

Question 60

Cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells are known as which type of cell?

A) neoplastic.
B) mutant.
C) malignant.
D) carcinogenic.

Question 61

Testicular tumors first become apparent due to pain in the testes.

Question 62

Some researchers suggest that tanning can become an addiction due to the "high" experienced from increased endorphin production when exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light.

Question 63

One hundred percent of all lung cancers could be avoided if people did not smoke.

Question 64

There is currently debate among health care experts regarding the appropriate schedule for mammograms for women under age 50.

Question 65

Permanent loss of fertility is a possible side effect of chemotherapy.

Question 66

Pap tests are useful in diagnosing ovarian cancer.

Question 67

Experts believe that about 15 percent of cancers in the United States are caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

Question 68

Today, the five-year survival rate for people diagnosed with cancer is currently about 67 percent.

Question 69

Only a small percentage of melanomas are caused by exposure to UV light from sunlight or other sources.

Question 70

The CAT scan is a noninvasive procedure that creates cross-sectional images that can show the shape and location of a tumor better than regular x-rays.

Question 71

Hodgkin's disease is a type of leukemia.

Question 72

Men with undescended testicles have the greatest risk for testicular cancer.

Question 73

Colorectal cancer is the third commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women.

Question 74

Smoking is associated with increased risk of at least 5 different types of cancer.

Question 75

A tan is an indication of skin damage.

Question 76

Breast self-examinations are a good way for a woman to become familiar with her breast tissue to be better able to recognize any changes or abnormalities.

Question 77

Exposure to tanning beds increases melanoma risk, regardless of age or type of tanning bed used.

Question 78

Tanning booths are safer than natural sunlight.

Question 79

Lung cancer is an example of a sarcoma.

Question 80

About 1 in 8 American men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point in their lives.