Question 1

How is science different from other ways of knowing?&#10;A) It is completely true&#10;B) It is systematic&#10;C) It is descriptive&#10;D) It is personalized

Accepted Answer

Science is different from other ways of knowing because it follows a systematic approach to discovering knowledge. It involves hypothesis testing, experimentation, and analysis of data, which are all guided by a standardized scientific method. Other ways of knowing, such as intuition or personal experience, do not necessarily follow this systematic approach.

Question 2

Which of the following is the goal of idiographic explanation?&#10;A) Comprehensive understanding&#10;B) Theory testing&#10;C) A list of probable causes&#10;D) Generalization

Accepted Answer

The goal of idiographic explanation is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of a specific individual or phenomenon, rather than seeking to generalize findings to a larger group.

Question 3

Which of the following is the goal of nomographic explanation?&#10;A) Theory generation&#10;B) Theory testing&#10;C) Causal explanation&#10;D) Comprehensive understanding

Accepted Answer

Nomographic explanation aims at identifying and understanding the causal relationships between variables, rather than merely describing phenomena or testing theoretical models.

Question 4

Which of the following methodological processes specifies which people, objects, and attributes will be observed in research?&#10;A) Comprehension&#10;B) Explanation&#10;C) Observation&#10;D) Operationalization

Accepted Answer

Operationalization is the process of specifying how a concept will be measured or observed in research. It involves identifying the specific people, objects, and attributes that will be included in the study.

Question 5

Which of the following is the most important characteristic of a sample?&#10;A) A sample should be as large as possible&#10;B) A sample should be representative of the population&#10;C) A sample should consist of unusual individuals&#10;D) A sample should be easily accessible to researchers

Accepted Answer

The most important characteristic of a sample is that it should be representative of the population. This means that the sample should have similar characteristics as the population from which it is drawn. This is important because the results obtained from the sample can be generalized to the population only if the sample is representative. The size of the sample is also important, but it should be determined based on the characteristics of the population and the research question. Unusual individuals or easily accessible samples may not provide accurate results that can be generalized to the population.

Question 6

&#34;Men and women respond to sexualized advertising differently.&#34; In this statement, gender is:&#10;A) an independent variable&#10;B) a dependent variable&#10;C) an incidental attribute&#10;D) an inconsequential attribute

Accepted Answer

In this statement, the gender of the individuals is being studied as a factor that may influence their response to sexualized advertising. Therefore, gender is the independent variable, and the dependent variable would be the response to the advertising. Gender is not an incidental or inconsequential attribute in this context.

Question 7

&#34;All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.&#34; Which of the following methodological concepts does this statement exemplify?&#10;A) Textual analysis&#10;B) Operationalization&#10;C) Deductive reasoning&#10;D) Theory building

Accepted Answer

This statement exemplifies deductive reasoning, which is the process of drawing logical conclusions from general principles or premises. In this case, the general principle is that all humans are mortal, and the specific premise is that Socrates is human. From these premises, we can logically conclude that Socrates is mortal.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnography?&#10;A) It enables comprehensive understanding of participants&#10;B) It observes naturally occurring behavior&#10;C) It generates qualitative data&#10;D) It requires little time and effort

Accepted Answer

Ethnography is a research method that involves spending a significant amount of time in a particular community or culture, observing and participating in the daily activities of participants in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of their experiences and perspectives. As such, it requires a significant investment of time and effort in order to produce high-quality data. Therefore, option D, which states that ethnography requires little time and effort, is not a characteristic of ethnography.

Question 9

How is participant observation different from ethnography?&#10;A) It is unobtrusive&#10;B) It is conducted &#34;in the field&#34;&#10;C) It generates qualitative data&#10;D) It is suitable for an inductive approach to research

Accepted Answer

Participant observation is not unobtrusive; it involves the researcher actively engaging with the participants and their environment, which can influence the behavior being studied. Ethnography, on the other hand, encompasses a broader set of methods including participant observation but aims to be more holistic and immersive, often trying to minimize its intrusiveness to better understand cultural and social phenomena.

Question 10

Unlike ethnography, survey research:&#10;A) does not use sampling&#10;B) generates less information about a large number of cases&#10;C) can only be used to generate qualitative data&#10;D) is not suitable for hypothesis testing

Accepted Answer

Survey research typically uses sampling to gather data from a larger population, and the focus is generally on collecting a large amount of data from a large number of cases. This often results in less in-depth information about each case, but allows for broader generalizations and statistical analyses. Survey research can also generate quantitative data in addition to qualitative data. It is often used for hypothesis testing.

Question 11

Research has found that people get more leads in job searches from acquaintances than from close friends. Which of the following is the most appropriate method for this kind of study?&#10;A) Participant observation&#10;B) Panel-data analysis&#10;C) Social network analysis&#10;D) Document analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has found that people get more...

Question 12

Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative interviewing?&#10;A) Easiness&#10;B) Low cost&#10;C) Standardization&#10;D) Flexibility

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an advantage...

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a suitable research topic for the focus group method?&#10;A) Intimate relationships&#10;B) Political opinions&#10;C) Responses to advertising messages&#10;D) Usefulness of study groups for test preparation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 14

What is the advantage of manifest over latent coding in content analysis?&#10;A) High validity&#10;B) High reliability&#10;C) Low visibility&#10;D) Low cost

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the advantage of manifest over...

Question 15

Which of the following is the best method to examine the frequency of appearances of Native Canadians in TV news broadcasts?&#10;A) Textual analysis&#10;B) Discourse analysis&#10;C) Content analysis&#10;D) Social network analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the best...

Question 16

Why can experimental results not be generalized to the real world?&#10;A) Because subjects often lie to researchers&#10;B) Because experimental measurements are unreliable&#10;C) Because experimental measurements are imprecise&#10;D) Because subjects know that they are being observed

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why can experimental results not be generalized...

Question 17

List common mistakes of personal observation in everyday life. How does science attempt to avoid these mistakes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of List common mistakes of personal observation in...

Question 18

Define ethnography. How can ethnography be made systematic? Illustrate your answer with an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define ethnography. How can ethnography be made...

Question 19

What are the most important differences between surveys and qualitative interviewing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the most important differences between...

Question 20

What are the most important differences between content analysis and textual analysis? Illustrate your answer with one example of each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the most important differences between...

Question 21

What is the main advantage and the main disadvantage of laboratory experiments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the main advantage and the...

Question 22

Define field experiment and describe an example of it. What is its advantage over laboratory experiment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define field experiment and describe an example...

Deck 14: Appendix: Advertising and Society: an Overview of Sociological Methods