Deck 2: Social Cognition: Understanding Others and Ourselves

Question 1

__________ is how we make sense of other people, ourselves, and our social world.

A) Social cognition
B) Attribution
C) Impression formation
D) Implicit personality theory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Whitney arrives at a formal wedding wearing flip-flops, jeans, and a t-shirt, and everyone notices. We automatically attend to things that are ________, or noticeable.

A) primed
B) salient
C) controlled
D) cognitive

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Greg has always been my best friend, and our best times together were spent sharing secrets, inside jokes, and late night conversations while eating junk food. Those memories form my ________ , or memory structure that connects a concept to its related qualities, of a best friend.

A) implicit personality theory
B) assimilation
C) judgment
D) schema

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Forcing new information to fit a memory structure or filtering it out because it doesn't fit is known as ___________.

A) schema
B) assimilation
C) implicit personality theory
D) stereotype

Question 5

Your schema for "college professor" might be someone who is a "nerd" who reads books all the time, wears suits everywhere, and smokes a pipe. This example would be a(n) ________, a schema in which the central concept is a category or group of people.

A) attribution
B) stereotype
C) assimilation
D) bad memory

Question 6

You've gotten to know several college professors and have discovered that they are all highly intelligent, involved in their communities, and love to read. You have formed a(n) ___________, a specific kind of schema that connects a set of traits and behaviors.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) assimilation
C) dispositional attribution
D) implicit personality theory

Question 7

_____ refers to our collection of all the ideas we have about ourselves, including abilities, personality traits, and roles, while _____ is how we view the characteristics we think we have.

A) Self-concept/self-worth
B) Self-esteem/self-concept
C) Self-concept/self-esteem
D) Self-perception/self-talk

Question 8

The judgment process of developing an initial concept of another person is known as __________.

A) implicit personality theory
B) impression formation
C) stereotyping
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 9

If Sally believes in the importance of education, then the grades she earns at school are more likely to affect her

A) social cognition
B) relational satisfaction
C) evaluation of others
D) self-esteem

Question 10

Since he's never late, I wondered why my co-worker Jeff was late for our staff meeting. I figured he must have had car trouble. An explanation that puts the cause of behavior outside the control of the person is _________ attribution.

A) dispositional
B) relational
C) situational
D) fundamental

Question 11

Shellie will experience _____ if she believes she is an athletic person even though in reality she is bad in sports.

A) perceptual misalignment
B) self differences
C) incongruence
D) congruence

Question 12

If you believe you will do well on this test, and you talk yourself into doing well, some of that success can be attributed to

A) filtering
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) acculturation theory
D) self-esteem

Question 13

You have recently interviewed for five different jobs. You did not get any of these jobs. You have been depressed, and you think you are not good enough to compete. If your attitude causes you to behave in ways that make the next prospective employer think you are not good enough, what might be affecting your success?

A) perceptual defense
B) stereotyping
C) social projection
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 14

If I meet Janna at an Operation Christmas Child project meeting, I may assume that she is honest, hard-working, and a churchgoer-all traits I have. I am overestimating the similarity between Janna and me, which is known as _________.

A) incongruence
B) social projection
C) social cognition
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 15

Keisha is good at math, and she values that characteristic positively, meaning she has _________.

A) high self-esteem
B) high self-concept
C) low self-esteem
D) low self-concept

Question 16

Life-changing situations such as moving to a new city or getting a divorce may result in

A) changes in self-esteem
B) changes in self-concept
C) a dropping of our filters
D) all of the above

Question 17

Erin has a tendency to be late for class. So, when she was late for our breakfast date, I assumed she had overslept. An explanation of behavior as resulting from a cause that is under the person's control is known as _________ attribution.

A) dispositional
B) relational
C) situational
D) fundamental

Question 18

________ stereotyping occurs when people act toward someone on the basis of a stereotype, even though they are minimally aware that they are basing their interaction on stereotypes.

A) Blatant
B) Prejudicial
C) Discriminatory
D) Subtle

Question 19

________________ concerns the messages you send to yourself through your thoughts.

A) Self-perception
B) Self-talk
C) Self-analysis
D) Self-role

Question 20

According to the text, when forming a first impression of Anna, Jeff would most likely notice her _____ first.

A) personality
B) friendliness
C) emotional state
D) physical appearance

Question 21

"Someday I'd like to publish a book." The set of ideas about who you would like to be is your ________ self-concept.

A) ought
B) working
C) ideal
D) relational

Question 22

The set of ideas about yourself that you are actively remembering at any given time is your ________ self-concept.

A) ought
B) working
C) possible
D) ideal

Question 23

Jill blushed when she tripped in front of the class. The ________ component of emotion is the physical experience of a feeling.

A) somatic
B) motor
C) cognitive
D) motivational

Question 24

_____ is the emotional reaction to a stereotyped group or individual from that group.

A) Prejudice
B) Stereotyping
C) Halo effect
D) Discrimination

Question 25

When Steve finds out that his friend is in jail, he assumes that his friend must have been at the wrong place at the wrong time and was charged on circumstantial evidence. This is an example of

A) implicit personality theory
B) situational attribution
C) prejudice
D) dispositional attribution

Question 26

Self-concept affects your interpersonal communication encounters by __________.

A) directing your attention and affecting your judgments of others
B) resulting in messages that reflect and maintain your self-concept
C) motivating you to manage the impressions that others form of you
D) all of the above

Question 27

Lance screamed and opened his mouth wide in excitement when we jumped out and yelled "Surprise!" The expression of emotion through nonverbal and verbal behaviors is the ________ component of emotion.

A) somatic
B) motor
C) cognitive
D) motivational

Question 28

Damon uses vulgar language when he is around Will, trying to influence the perception that Will has of him. This would be an example of _________,

A) impression formation
B) incongruence
C) impression management
D) social projection

Question 29

It is important to remember that self-concept is a(n) ________, which is resistant to change.

A) social projection
B) assimilated memory
C) schema
D) situational attribution

Question 30

One of the best ways to improve your social cognition is to

A) actively question the accuracy of your perceptions
B) limit the amount of information you use to verify perceptions
C) realize that perceptions of people should remain fairly constant over time
D) keep your perceptions to yourself

Question 31

Emotions that are classified as basic are ________.

A) discrete/distinct from each other
B) universal
C) automatic
D) all of the above

Question 32

Because many social cognitive processes that operate automatically are biased in various ways, skillful communicators should monitor their messages for _________.

A) controlling responses
B) social projection
C) perceptual accuracy
D) unintended effects

Question 33

In some cultures, people see themselves as distinct from others, with separate characteristics and abilities. Therefore, they are likely to have a(n) ________ self-concept.

A) interdependent
B) working
C) independent
D) ought

Question 34

Tonight I posted what I had for dinner on Facebook. This post would be an example of a(n)_________ -generated social media cue.

A) other
B) system
C) self
D) automatic

Question 35

_________ theory explains that online information seems more credible when it cannot be easily manipulated by the person it describes.

A) Warranting
B) Implicit personality
C) Social media
D) System-generated

Question 36

The following have been shown to be successful techniques for improving one's self-esteem

A) therapy
B) self-help
C) both a and b
D) neither choice; self-esteem is an enduring characteristic and cannot be changed

Question 37

"I see that the cheerleaders are sitting together at lunch-they're all such snobby, non-inclusive people." A(n) ________ is a schema in which the central concept is a category or group of people.

A) assimilation
B) situational attribution
C) dispositional attribution
D) stereotype

Question 38

In what way do messages reflect and maintain our self-concept?

A) When you feel good about who you are, you tend to communicate in ways that display the positive feelings you have.
B) We easily assimilate information that is consistent with our self-concept but have to work hard not to filter out inconsistent information.
C) Messages based on our self-concept encourage others to treat us in ways that reflect how we regard ourselves.
D) all of the above

Question 39

If we are unsure about someone we don't know well, to better ground our perceptions, we have to set implicit personality theory aside and ________.

A) seek more information to verify perceptions
B) avoid that person
C) put some distance in the relationship
D) provide an intense emotional response

Question 40

________ are everyday insults, indignities, and demeaning messages sent to a member of a stereotyped group by well-intentioned others who are unaware of the hidden messages being sent.

A) Social projections
B) Attributions
C) Blatant stereotyping messages
D) Microagressions

Question 41

__________ is the tendency to believe that others' negative behaviors result from their choices, whereas our own negative behaviors tem from conditions over which we have no control.

A) Dispositional attribution
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Situation attribution
D) Stereotyping

Question 42

With automatic social cognition, you arrive at conclusions without much consciousness, intention, or awareness of their future impact.

Question 43

Emotions cannot be culturally specific.

Question 44

Self-fulfilling prophecies are always negative.

Question 45

Research shows that people view other-generated and system-generated cues as more credible than self-generated cues in social media.

Question 46

The more you value a part of your self-concept, the more impact it has on your self-esteem.

Question 47

To make a good impression on social media, scholars advise users to carefully construct their profiles and not worry about friend selection.

Question 48

The gap between our inaccurate self-perceptions and reality is called incongruence.

Question 49

Most theorists believe basic emotions are separate from each other and do not vary in intensity.

Question 50

To improve social cognition, we need to monitor our emotions so we can control our responses.

Question 51

How other people react to our behaviors has little influence on our self-concept.

Question 52

Self-concept and self-esteem are so closely intertwined that some scholars combine them to talk about positive and negative self-concept.

Question 53

When you think about something, that idea becomes primed, or made ready in your memory to be thought about again.

Question 54

Persistent forms of discrimination like microagressions have no bearing on the interactions and accomplishments of members of stereotyped groups.

Question 55

If we know someone only from his or her social media posts, we will think about that person based on how he or she looks and acts.

Question 56

In social media, research shows that we view other-generated and system-generated cues as less credible than self-generated cues.

Question 57

People with an interdependent self-concept view their traits, abilities, and characteristics within the context of a particular relationship.

Question 58

Prejudice can include positive emotions if your stereotype of a group has many positive attributes.

Question 59

Independent self-perceptions are those personality traits and abilities we consider to be internal and universally applicable.

Question 60

Forming stereotypes for categories of people is always a bad thing and is avoidable.

Question 61

Positive impression management strategies can backfire if they appear manipulative.

Question 62

What are the guidelines that can aid you in improving social cognition?

Question 63

Discuss the factors likely to influence our first impressions of others.

Question 64

Discuss the factors likely to influence our self-esteem.

Question 65

Describe the three key steps in the social cognition process and the factors that influence those steps.

Question 66

Discuss how memories affect how you perceive others. Provide examples.

Question 67

Name three of the five differences between perceiving people and perceiving objects.

Question 68

What are the two significant problems with stereotyping? Provide examples.

Question 69

Do you know anyone who seems to suffer from incongruence? Define incongruence and give specific examples of the person's incongruence.

Question 70

Describe the difference between automatic and controlled social cognition. Which one is more accurate and why?

Question 71

Describe the characteristics of basic emotions-what makes emotions "basic?"