Deck 2: Gender Development Biology, Sexuality, and Health

Question 1

Approximately 1-3% of infants are intersexed.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Queer theory asserts that sexuality and sexual identity are socially constructed.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Discuss Margaret Mead's field study with the Arapesh, Mundugmor and Tchambuli tribes. What differences did she find? What are conclusions and criticisms of her work?

Answer 3

No Answer.

Question 4

Explain the prevalence of either male aggression or maternal instinct.

Question 5

The hijra of India prove that there are two distinct sexes.

Question 6

Approximately 80% of husbands cheat on their wives.

Question 7

Explain Freud's psychobiological model for the development of gender roles. How has it been used to reinforce gender stereotypes and how can it be used to counter them?

Question 8

Describe Dr. John Money's famous sex-reassignment surgery case. Explain the outcome from a biological perspective (gender identity is inborn) and from a social construction perspective (gender identity is learned). Which do you most agree with and why?

Question 9

Mortality rates for all leading causes of death are higher for men than for women.

Question 10

Discuss biological and sociocultural reasons why males of all ages have higher mortality rates than females.

Question 11

The belief that the inherent biological and genetic difference between men and women make them "naturally" suited to fulfill certain roles regardless of their intellect, desires, expertise, or experience is referred to as

A) the double standard
B) biological essentialism
C) sexual dimorphism
D) sexual scripting

Question 12

After menopause, all women should engage in hormone replacement therapy.

Question 13

In her study of three New Guinea tribes, Margaret Mead concluded

A) gender roles are biologically determined
B) masculinity and femininity are defined the same the world over
C) masculinity and femininity are culturally determined
D) none of the above

Question 14

Sociobiologists use ______ theory to draw conclusions about humans from studies of animals.

A) feminist
B) Freudian
C) psychoanalytic
D) evolutionary

Question 15

Which is not true concerning sex hormones?

A) They affect development of the brain.
B) They affect development of sex organs.
C) Both males and females possess the same hormones in differing levels.
D) A female given male hormones will assume a male role in sexual activity.

Question 16

The XX chromosomal configuration is associated with

A) high levels of antisocial behaviors for females
B) a superior immune system for females
C) higher levels of aggression for males
D) higher mortality rates for males

Question 17

Overall, what can be concluded about the relationship between gender and aggression?

A) Males display significantly higher levels of aggression due to testosterone.
B) Boys are more likely to carry out aggression in physical ways; girls prefer verbal confrontation.
C) Males display significantly higher levels of aggression at all ages and under all social situations.
D) All of the above

Question 18

When new fathers take part in the birthing process, measures of infant-father bonding

A) are as high as mother-infant bonding
B) are lower than if they did not take part in the birthing process
C) show no significant difference than if they did not take part in the birthing process
D) are higher than mother-infant bonding

Question 19

According to Freud, during which stage of life is gratification focused on the genitals?

A) latency
B) phallic
C) libido
D) Electra

Question 20

According to Freud, the sign of adult maturity in a woman is when

A) her wish for a penis is replaced by her wish for a child
B) she learns to identify with her mother
C) clitoral stimulation is abandoned for vaginal penetration
D) all of the above

Question 21

Contemporary psychoanalytic feminist theory has

A) abandoned Freudian theory and all that it represents
B) shown that Freudian-based theory cannot help women experiencing psychological difficulties
C) integrated useful aspects of both psychoanalytic and sociological theory
D) argued that Freudian theory is applicable to male clients only

Question 22

The term for genetic males or females who believe they are really members of the other sex is

A) hermaphrodites
B) homosexuals
C) transgendered
D) transsexuals

Question 23

Gender identity is learned and stabilizes

A) at birth
B) around 3 years of age
C) around 6 years of age
D) at puberty

Question 24

The term for people who do not conform to culturally-defined traditional gender roles is

A) hermaphrodites
B) homosexuals
C) transgendered
D) transsexuals

Question 25

Among Native Americans, men and women who did not exhibit conventional gender roles were called berdache. They acted as mediators between men and women and between the physical and spiritual worlds. Berdache were

A) hermaphrodites
B) homosexuals
C) transgendered
D) transsexuals

Question 26

Shared beliefs concerning what society defines as acceptable sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors for each gender are referred to as

A) sexual scripts
B) gender identities
C) double standards
D) sexual orientation

Question 27

Kinsey's sexuality research in the 1950s indicated that

A) the majority of both men and women masturbate
B) the majority of women experienced premarital sex
C) the majority of both men and women engage in extramarital affairs
D) women have less difficulty achieving orgasm than men do

Question 28

Girls whose first intercourse occurred before age 16 are more likely to report that

A) it was with a boyfriend
B) it was coercive
C) they achieved orgasm
D) it was how they had pictured it would be

Question 29

Which of these statements about sexual attitudes is FALSE?

A) More women than men express the belief that emotional closeness is a prerequisite for sexual intercourse.
B) Women and men both believe that a woman's orgasm is a sign of the woman's success as a lover.
C) The double standard in sexual attitudes still exists
D) Males are less likely to feel guilty about their sexual activities than females.

Question 30

Which of these statements regarding sexuality in later life is FALSE?

A) The elderly are perceived to be sexless.
B) If elderly males show sexual interest they are viewed suspiciously.
C) Widows significantly outnumber widowers.
D) Women experience more anxiety about sex as they age.

Question 31

Male mortality rates exceed female mortality rates for which cause of death?

A) cancer
B) suicide
C) homicide
D) all of the above

Question 32

Men are more likely to suffer from ____; women are more likely to suffer from _____.

A) depression; anxiety
B) personality disorders; depression
C) antisocial personality; narcissism
D) migraine headaches; eating disorders

Question 33

Compared to men, women have lower overall rates of

A) physician visits
B) morbidity
C) chronic life-threatening conditions
D) all of the above

Question 34

In preadolescence, girls report higher levels of ______ when compared to boys.

A) physical aggression
B) self-esteem
C) eating disorders
D) pressure to engage in sexual intercourse

Question 35

Which group has the highest overall mortality and morbidity rates?

A) single women
B) single men
C) married women
D) married men

Question 36

About what percentage of women suffer from premenstrual syndrome?

A) 82-95%
B) 68-75%
C) 45-50%
D) 2-10%

Question 37

Research demonstrates that for most women menopause is associated with

A) disabling symptoms
B) serious depression
C) alcoholism and drug addiction
D) none of the above

Question 38

Until recently, hormone replacement therapy was the accepted remedy for

A) PMS
B) perimenopause
C) menopause
D) all of the above

Question 39

The risks of hormone replacement therapy includes increased potential for

A) coronary heart disease
B) breast cancer
C) stroke
D) all of the above

Question 40

Two-thirds of all new cases of HIV in the US are among which group of people?

A) African American women
B) African American men
C) White men
D) Hispanic men

Question 41

In the U.S., ____ are at greatest risk for HIV/AIDS.

A) middle class women
B) poor, heterosexual, minority women
C) poor, homosexual, white women
D) all of the above

Question 42

In which world region is the rate of HIV/AIDS highest?

A) Europe
B) Asia/Middle East
C) Sub-Saharan Africa
D) North America

Question 43

Alcohol use and abuse are critical factors in

A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) Rape
C) spousal abuse
D) all of the above

Question 44

The Women's Health Movement is based on all but which one of the following?

A) Historically, women have not had control over their health.
B) There has been too much emphasis on interdisciplinary research and not enough on the purely biological causes of disease.
C) Diagnosis and treatment of women is from an androcentric medical system and needs to be altered.
D) Women need to be included as research subjects.

Question 45

Which of these is a sociocultural explanation for the high rates of mortality and chronic morbidity for men?

A) The XY chromosomal pattern is significantly weaker than the XX pattern.
B) Men are more likely to suffer from genetic disorders than women.
C) Men are more likely than women to engage in hazardous occupations and risk-taking activities.
D) The male hormone, testosterone, increases aggressive responses to stressors.