Deck 9: Substance Use Disorders

Question 1

The use of energy drinks by adolescent boys and young men has an associated health concern in that

A) it provides a false sense of wakefulness.
B) cases of cardiac arrhythmia have resulted in death.
C) it stunts bone growth.
D) an addiction results after few exposures.

Answer 1

it provides a false sense of wakefulness.

Question 2

A prime factor in nicotine's highly addictive potential is

A) its low cost and ready availability.
B) a supportive "smokers' subculture."
C) its direct influence on the brain's pleasure and motivation centers.
D) its suppression of insulin production, producing hyperglycemia.

Answer 2

its direct influence on the brain's pleasure and motivation centers.

Question 3

Until Nels started college, he had never had an alcoholic drink. But after joining a fraternity and attending all of its social activities, he noticed that he gradually became able to drink two six-packs before getting buzzed. He usually feels "under the weather" the next day and unable to study or prepare for his classes, but he finds it very difficult to cut back his consumption. In fact, he eagerly looks forward to the weekend parties, despite the fact that he had several failing grades on his midterm report. What do you know about Nels?

A) He has a substance dependence problem.
B) He has a substance abuse problem.
C) He does not demonstrate withdrawal effects.
D) He has a low tolerance for beer.

Answer 3

He has a substance dependence problem.

Question 4

Substance intoxication is a(n) _________ state.

A) permanent
B) chronic
C) acute
D) slowly developing

Question 5

According to your text, caffeine influences the activity of the neurotransmitters

A) acetylcholine and dopamine.
B) acetylcholine and serotonin.
C) adenosine and acetylcholine.
D) adenosine and serotonin.

Question 6

Choose the statement below that is FALSE regarding caffeine use.

A) It may be considered addictive
B) It has not been associated with death.
C) It may result in acute caffeine intoxication.
D) Withdrawal symptoms may include a "crash."

Question 7

Caffeine is the most widely used drug in the world. Approximately ____ of the population consumes caffeine daily.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 8

Worldwide, the most commonly used drug is

A) caffeine.
B) alcohol.
C) nicotine.
D) marijuana.

Question 9

Drug withdrawal symptoms

A) are never transient.
B) may be delayed up to a month.
C) are typically lethal.
D) vary by drug.

Question 10

Michaela is agitated and restless. She cannot sleep. Her heart is racing and her stomach is upset. Finally, her speech is rapid and rambling. According to the DSM-5, Michaela might be diagnosed with Caffeine _____ Disorder.

A) Intoxication
B) Abuse
C) Dependence
D) Use

Question 11

Select the statement below that is TRUE of substance intoxication.

A) Its psychiatric meaning is the same as its legal meaning.
B) The effects are substance non-specific.
C) Its effects are irreversible.
D) It involves an effect ranging from mild to severe.

Question 12

Caffeine produces its effects by directly influencing the functioning of the

A) peripheral nervous system.
B) lymphatic nervous system.
C) central nervous system.
D) somatic nervous system.

Question 13

Substance dependence involves the two characteristic features of

A) social and occupational dysfunction.
B) tolerance and withdrawal.
C) genetic and environmental vulnerability.
D) physical and psychological problems.

Question 14

Derrick was very excited about college as a freshman. His biggest concern was fitting in. During his first semester, he was introduced to the social game of "beer pong" and found that being a member of the dorm team helped him gain acceptance. Now, Derrick enjoys "beer pong" every weekend. So far, there have been no negative consequences. How would you classify this behavior or the basis of what you know?

A) Substance abuse
B) Substance use
C) Substance intoxication
D) Substance dependence

Question 15

Substance intoxication and substance use definitions

A) differ by sex.
B) are difficult to study empirically.
C) differ by culture.
D) describe the same concept.

Question 16

The diagnostic label that most closely approximates the lay term "addiction" is substance

A) abuse.
B) dependence.
C) intoxication.
D) use.

Question 17

Both at college and at home, Bob uses illicit drugs only "socially." His use does not produce problems with his social, educational, or occupational functioning. Bob's behavior constitutes substance

A) abuse.
B) use.
C) intoxication.
D) dependence.

Question 18

Caffeine can have an effect on the drinker of up to

A) 1 hour.
B) 2 hours.
C) 4 hours.
D) 6 hours.

Question 19

According to the American Psychiatric Association, substance use is defined as

A) the ingestion of legal drugs that does not result in an altered state of mind.
B) low to moderate use with no functional impairment in any sphere.
C) overuse of a substance that leads to either a psychological or physical addiction.
D) use of stimulant drugs to achieve a state of heightened arousal (high).

Question 20

With respect to disorders related to drugs and alcohol, the DSM-5 combines DSM-IV categories into single broad classification called

A) Substance Related Disorders.
B) Substance Abuse Disorders.
C) Substance Dependence Disorders.
D) Substance Use Disorders.

Question 21

Alcohol abuse may result in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is characterized by the inability to learn from experience and

A) custodial care in some cases.
B) a decrement in visual processing.
C) episodes of violent aggression.
D) a lesion in the frontal lobe.

Question 22

Alcohol is a

A) nicotine mimicker.
B) stimulant.
C) depressant.
D) neurotransmitter binder.

Question 23

Which neurotransmitter is correctly paired with an associated substance?

A) GABA-- alcohol
B) adenosine -- nicotine
C) dopamine -- alcohol
D) endorphins -- caffeine

Question 24

An alcohol withdrawal syndrome with symptoms including disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever is known as

A) FAS.
B) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
C) formication.
D) delirium tremens.

Question 25

Approximately _____% of the U,S. population aged 12 and older uses marijuana.

A) 1-5
B) 5-10
C) 10-15
D) 15-20

Question 26

Danny has a long history of alcohol abuse. He prefers whiskey and drinks it daily. When he was jailed for several days after an arrest for DWI, he began to experience tingling sensations over his body that felt like "a million ants scurrying over his skin." Knowing Danny's excessive consumption of alcohol, what might this unusual sensation be labeled?

A) Formication
B) Cirrhosis
C) FAS
D) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 27

Higher doses of THC in marijuana are associated with visual and auditory activity and fascination, increased heart rate and, on some occasions,

A) blackouts.
B) seizures.
C) panic.
D) tinnitis

Question 28

Alcohol abuse and dependence are

A) more likely to have negative health consequences for men than women.
B) more common among men than women.
C) less common among whites than Hispanic populations.
D) typically rare among Native American persons.

Question 29

THC is the active ingredient in marijuana. It produces a sense of euphoria by stimulating

A) GABA release, which disinhibits various brain systems.
B) epinephrine discharge, leading to heightened pleasure and sensory acuteness.
C) cannabinoid receptors, thereby activating the dopamine reward system.
D) serotonin reuptake, leading to a feeling of contentment.

Question 30

Professor Williamson is a long-term smoker. Since it was recently announced that smoking will be banned on campus, he has decided to quit. According to the Centers for Disease Control, what is the likelihood that Professor Williamson will have achieved sustained abstinence at the end of a year?

A) 2.3%
B) 18.5%
C) 46%
D) 70%

Question 31

The most commonly used illicit drug in the U.S. is

A) amphetamine.
B) heroin.
C) marijuana.
D) cocaine.

Question 32

Marylynn is a pregnant 23 year-old married woman and a smoker. What concern about her pregnancy might you have?

A) Pregnancy complications; premature birth
B) Increased risk for caesarian section
C) Delivery later than expected
D) Down syndrome in her child

Question 33

Despite affecting many neurotransmitters, alcohol has a particularly powerful effect on the neurotransmitter

A) serotonin.
B) GABA.
C) dopamine.
D) epinephrine.

Question 34

Approximately _____% of alcoholics develop cirrhosis of the liver.

A) 1-2
B) 5-10
C) 10-15
D) 25-30

Question 35

Nicotine's addictive potential reflects its release of the neurotransmitter

A) glutamate
B) adenosine
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 36

Overuse of alcohol during pregnancy may result in fetal alcohol syndrome in the child. This syndrome features neurodevelopmental symptoms such as structural brain abnormalities, small head size, and

A) immune system deficiencies.
B) breathing abnormalities.
C) sudden infant death syndrome.
D) abnormal gait.

Question 37

Heavy marijuana use has been associated with functional impairments such as memory loss and difficulty with attention, learning skills, and

A) motor movement.
B) language mastery.
C) motivation.
D) capacity for creativity.

Question 38

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the cross-tolerant relationship between benzodiazepines and alcohol?

A) There is no cross-toleration between the drugs.
B) Tolerance to one means tolerance to the other.
C) They produce different short-term effects but similar long-term cross-tolerant effects.
D) Research shows women do not demonstrate this cross-tolerant effect.

Question 39

The average age at which people first use marijuana is

A) 16 years.
B) 18 years.
C) 20 years.
D) 25 years.

Question 40

How many adolescents in the U.S. smoke?

A) 1.2 million
B) 3 million
C) 17 million
D) 44 million

Question 41

In 2006, it was estimated that over _______________ Americans were using amphetamines or methamphetamines.

A) 50 thousand
B) 170 thousand
C) 1 million
D) 10 million

Question 42

Amphetamines can produce psychotic symptoms that

A) can be mistaken for extreme depression.
B) can last and recur even months and years after drug use is ended.
C) are easily controlled once drug use is stopped.
D) can be eliminated by benzodiazepine treatment.

Question 43

How do cocaine and amphetamines lead to hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia?

A) They increase dopamine and norepinephrine.
B) They lead to depletion of dopamine and norepinephrine.
C) They deplete serotonin levels.
D) They act on the GABA-ergic system.

Question 44

Codeine, morphine, and heroin produce pain relief and a sense of euphoria. They mimic the effects of the body's natural opioids, which include

A) endorphins and enkephalins.
B) oxycodone and oxycontin.
C) dopamine and ketamine.
D) norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Question 45

Margo was enjoying the holiday break from college. She and a few friends decided to go to a local club. She met an attractive man who bought her a drink. Margo awakened the next morning in a strange motel room without any memory of what happened after she arrived at the club the night before. She was shocked to find that she was not only in a strange room but that her clothes were strewn around it. Margo called 911; in the ER, it was determined that she had been raped. Assuming that this is a date rape case, what drug is most likely to have been slipped into Margo's drink?

A) Librium
B) Valium
C) Rohipnol
D) Ecstasy

Question 46

Rodney is addicted to smoking rock crystal cocaine, which gives him an immediate euphoric high. On the street, this drug is known as

A) an "upper."
B) "ice."
C) "crack."
D) a "bennie."

Question 47

In the late 1800's, cocaine was introduced in the U.S. as a legal additive in cigarettes, cigars and ___________.

A) Malted milk
B) Aspirin
C) Coca Cola
D) Coffee

Question 48

Despite the fact that the prevalence of marijuana use has remained stable across the years, the prevalence of marijuana abuse and dependence has

A) decreased significantly among women.
B) increased significantly across the population.
C) not shown a consistent trend of increasing.
D) increased among young children.

Question 49

Most people (71%) who are treated for amphetamine abuse

A) also report high use of alcohol.
B) never experience tolerance or withdrawal.
C) use depressant drugs to come down from "highs."
D) do not use another substance.

Question 50

Crystal methamphetamine, or ice, is a form of methamphetamine that produces a more powerful and longer lasting psychological reaction than that ingested in powdered form. Smoked in a glass pipe or injected, this form may result in a "high" lasting up to _____ hours.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 48

Question 51

In the 1960's, which of the following would have been described as "mother's little helper"?

A) Alcohol
B) Cocaine
C) Rohipnol
D) Valium

Question 52

When injected, benzedrine, dexedrine, and methamphetamine increase the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and ______________ in the brain.

A) gamma aminobutyric acid
B) acetylcholine
C) dopamine
D) epinephrine

Question 53

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are

A) central nervous system stimulants.
B) effective for use with anxiety and non-addictive.
C) central nervous system depressants.
D) both commonly prescribed.

Question 54

Barbiturates pose a death risk because of rapid tolerance and risk of overdose. This is the result of

A) acceleration of the heart rate.
B) depression of the brain's respiratory center.
C) increase in blood pressure.
D) damage to the nerve cells of the brain stem.

Question 55

According to your text, _____ increase the brain's levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

A) heroin and other opiates
B) alcohol and marijuana
C) caffeine and nicotine
D) cocaine and methamphetamine

Question 56

Benzodiazepines belong in the category of sedative drugs that are effective for the short-term treatment of ________ and _________.

A) anxiety; depression
B) depression; hyperactivity
C) anxiety; insomnia
D) panic; mania

Question 57

Amphetamines produced on the street may be cut with substances such as

A) table salt.
B) flour.
C) powdered sugar.
D) cyanide.

Question 58

In 2003, a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration epidemiological survey found that among ethnic and racial groups, _________ reported the highest use of cocaine use.

A) American Indian/Alaskan Natives
B) Hispanics
C) Non-Hispanic Whites
D) Whites

Question 59

Which of these population groups tends to abuse benzodiazepines the most?

A) Men
B) Women
C) Teens
D) Native Americans

Question 60

Select the statement that is FALSE about cocaine.

A) It inhibits the reabsorption of dopamine by the nerve cells.
B) Large doses are associated with anesthetic and convulsant effects.
C) Deaths have been reported after relatively low doses of the drug.
D) Cocaine, although powerful in effect, is not highly addictive.

Question 61

Dr. Santos is investigating the positive effects of drugs using an animal model paradigm. She establishes two different cages: cage A is neutral and drug-free, while cage B contains a drug. She exposes the animal to both cages and records the amount of time the animal spends in each cage in an attempt to assess the positive effects of the "drug environment." Which type of model is she using?

A) Operant discriminant model
B) Classically conditioned preference model
C) Shaped preference model
D) Conditioned place preference

Question 62

The use of needles to inject opioids increases the risk of viral hepatitis, liver damage, infection at the injection site, and

A) HIV.
B) skin blisters.
C) diseases of the blood.
D) strep infection.

Question 63

Hallucinogens, like d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), produce a range of reactions from intense emotions to

A) grief reactions.
B) mystical experiences.
C) creative genius.
D) sleep walking.

Question 64

Endorphins and enkephalins have the same physiological effect on the body as opioids in that they produce

A) heightened arousal and pain relief.
B) disorientation and sedation.
C) pain relief and sedation.
D) euphoria and heightened arousal.

Question 65

Heroin is a highly dangerous drug due to its addictive properties, its pharmacologic effects, and its

A) low cost.
B) delayed withdrawal symptoms.
C) ready availability.
D) association with drug trafficking.

Question 66

Behavioral/psychological factors may be influential in the initiation and continued use of drugs. Many theorists propose that

A) all drug behavior is a function of classical conditioning.
B) negative reinforcement or punishment are not involved in the phenomenon.
C) substance use may be due to operant conditioning.
D) all substance use is learned and maintained through modeling.

Question 67

Despite the fact that hallucinogens are not physically addictive and do not produce the classic withdrawal symptoms, their use may result in

A) a strong psychological addiction that persists for years.
B) transformative religious experiences in later years.
C) altered perception suicide disorder.
D) hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.

Question 68

Tolerance for opioids can develop in as little as ______. Withdrawal symptoms can appear as rapidly as ______ after the use of such drugs is discontinued.

A) 2-3 days; 4-6 hours
B) 2-3 days; 10-12 hours
C) 7-10 days; 4-6 hours
D) 7-10 days; 10-12 hours

Question 69

Women often become dependent on substances more quickly than men do and

A) experience more severe consequences over shorter periods of time.
B) have less psychiatric comorbidity than men do.
C) become abusers at earlier ages than men do.
D) are more often users of multiple drugs than men.

Question 70

Which of the following statements about the effects of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is FALSE?

A) Perceptual changes are intensified.
B) "Trips" may be fascinating or horrifying.
C) Only the sense of vision is altered.
D) Objects may become distorted or shift shapes.

Question 71

Researchers who have studied the risk for alcohol dependence among family members have found that about _____ percent of the variance in liability may be due to genetic influence.

A) 10-20
B) 20-30
C) 30-40
D) 50-60

Question 72

The endogenous opioid system is involved in the reinforcing effects of

A) alcohol.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) methamphetamine.

Question 73

Select the statement that is TRUE about sex and ethnic differences among persons with substance use disorders.

A) Overall, women use more illegal drugs than men.
B) There is insufficient research to provide clear information.
C) The pathways for drug addiction are the same for all groups.
D) Substance abuse in men is primarily triggered by relationship issues.

Question 74

The prevalence of illegal drug use seems to differ across racial and ethnic boundaries. A 2006 study by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration found that illegal drug use was highest among

A) Asians.
B) whites.
C) American Indians or Alaska Natives.
D) persons reporting two or more races.

Question 75

The top 4 substances used by U.S. youth are tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and

A) inhalants.
B) cocaine.
C) LSD.
D) methamphetamine.

Question 76

Nerve damage leading to neurological impairment is a function of chronic exposure to inhalant drugs. How might inhalants affect this system?

A) They restrict the flow of blood.
B) They block neurotransmitters.
C) They cause fat to build up around nerve cells.
D) They damage the myelin.

Question 77

MRI studies of persons using inhalants have revealed that the drug causes changes in brain structure that include

A) shrinkage of the cerebral cortex.
B) lesions in the frontal lobe.
C) a swelling of the cerebral cortex.
D) abnormal growth of the myelin sheath around nerve cells.

Question 78

In the case of Amy Winehouse, a successful music artist, her substance abuse and subsequent death provide an example of

A) how rehab can succeed with some drugs.
B) how an individual can break away from alcohol without help.
C) how well media figures can hide their substance abuse problems.
D) how much an individual can lose to addictions.

Question 79

Select the statement that is TRUE regarding information gained through family and genetic studies on the influence of genes and environment as causal factors in substance abuse.

A) Both genes and environment influence the disorder.
B) Genes are the primary predictor for risk of substance abuse.
C) No clear findings have emerged regarding the influence of these factors.
D) Environmental factors are the best predictors of who will abuse drugs.

Question 80

Alcohol and drugs act on the brain's reward circuitry, which includes the

A) medial cortex of the prefrontal lobes.
B) ventral tegmental area and the basal forebrain.
C) basal ganglia and hypothalamus.
D) Wernicke-Korsakoff's area.