Deck 9: Population, Samples, and Sampling

Question 1

A probability sample that classifies the population into groups is called a

A) simple random sample.
B) systematic sample.
C) stratified sample.
D) none of these

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A probability sample that is selected by taking each kth element from a list is called a

A) simple random sample.
B) systematic sample.
C) stratified sample.
D) none of these

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Compared to a non-probability sample, a probability sample is one for which each population element

A) has a known probability of selection greater than zero.
B) does not have a known probability of selection.
C) there is no difference between the probability of selection for the two sample types.
D) none of these

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A "snowball" sample is

A) a probability sample.
B) a non-probability sample.
C) a practical procedure to identify individuals who otherwise might remain unknown.
D) both b and c

Question 5

A list of names could be used for which type of sampling strategy?

A) simple random sample
B) snowball sample
C) stratified sample
D) only a and c

Question 6

In the list above, what are the names of the strata?

A) social science and natural science faculty
B) even-numbered persons (2, 4, 6....) and odd-numbered persons (1, 3, 5....)
C) column 1 group and column 2 group
D) there are no defined strata.

Question 7

With a SRS every possible sample of size n has the same probability, implying that elements also are equally probable.

Question 8

One main reason to choose stratified sampling is to improve the accuracy of sample estimates for the combined strata (two or more strata).

Question 9

A text example of quota sampling is the study of a soup kitchen population.

Question 10

Quota samples are seldom drawn because they are the weakest sampling strategy.

Question 11

A probability sample requires a sampling frame.

Question 12

Snowball samples are probability samples.

Question 13

If there are 200 students in a population, the probability of selection for each is 0.20.

Question 14

A parameter in sampling refers to information about the sample.

Question 15

In the textbook fish example, there are 15 distinct samples and 15 different sample mean weights.

Question 16

The sampling distribution is a probability distribution of all possible samples in a population.

Question 17

A data matrix has a line for each variable category.

Question 18

Combining variables is one type of data transformation.

Question 19

f column totals are the percentage base, percentages cannot be compared across rows.

Question 20

The "n= " refers to the number of cases in a data table.

Question 21

A bivariate table presents the distribution of the dependent variable for every other variable.

Question 22

Elaboration refers to testing the bivariate relationship.

Question 23

The best way to preserve confidentiality of data is to destroy the records.

Question 24

One should not use "prove" in reporting findings because it implies finality.

Question 25

The hypothesis that there are "no significant findings" is the research hypothesis.

Question 26

An example of a directional hypothesis is, "Males and females differ on levels of happiness."

Question 27

A sample mean is an example of a statistic.

Question 28

One principle of a scientific approach to judge everyday information is to look for spurious relationships.

Question 29

Another scientific principle to judge everyday information is look for vested interests of the researcher.

Question 30

A third text principle to judge science information is whether the study replicates findings from other studies.

Question 31

If percentages are calculated within columns, they are calculated correctly.

Question 32

If percentages total to 100% within categories of the dependent variable they are calculated correctly.

Question 33

Rule 2 for percentages says to compare percentages across categories of the dependent variable.

Question 34

Hypotheses are written before beginning data analysis, not after you have looked at the data results.

Question 35

If the dependent variable categories are in the columns, percentages should be read within columns.

Question 36

Results: "62% blondes and 75% non-blondes report having fun." The researcher followed Rules 1 & 2.

Question 37

"Females with higher education earn more money than do males, controlling for level of education." The control variable would be "earnings."

Question 38

"Females with higher education earn more money than do males, controlling for level of education." The dependent variable is "level of education."

Question 39

"For whites, attending college in the South versus the North leads to less prejudice." The control variable would be "race."

Question 40

"For whites, attending college in the South versus the North leads to less prejudice.", The independent variable would be "level of prejudice."

Question 41

"For whites, attending college in the South versus the North leads to less prejudice." The null ("no difference") hypothesis is "Race is associated with prejudice."

Question 42

A bivariate table showed a significant relationship, but the trivariate did not. This is a replication elaboration.

Question 43

For the variables social class, age and attitude toward police, the independent variable could be social class.

Question 44

Peer review is the process by which a submission to a journal is evaluated by a panel of experts for accuracy and importance of the study.

Question 45

An abstract is a short summary about the research described in a research report.

Question 46

A monograph is a short summary document written on one scientific topic.

Question 47

It is ok to summarize someone else's idea without crediting the source if the researcher knows the individual who provided the idea.