Deck 6: Aging and Ethnicity

Question 1

Ethnogerontology

A) studies the effect of national origin on the culture of older people
B) is well-established in the field of social gerontology
C) studies the influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on aging
D) studies the effect of race on the culture of older people
E) studies the effect of culture on the race of older individuals

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Ethnogerontology arose from a concern about

A) the disadvantages experienced by ethnic minorities in the United States
B) the oppression of older women in the United states
C) the discrimination of older black people in the United States
D) the educational disadvantages of older First Nations peoples
E) the elitist attitudes of professional caregivers

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The terms culture and ethnicity

A) can be used interchangeably to describe older people
B) help distinguish between race and culture
C) cannot be used interchangeably to describe older people
D) refer to multiculturalism in Canada
E) refer to the systemic study of older minority groups

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Culture is

A) static
B) subject to specific social conditions
C) uniform
D) stable across history
E) easily correlated with people and nations

Question 5

In a multicultural society like Canada, ethnicity contributes to

A) an understanding of ethnic group dynamics
B) an understanding of different intra group differences
C) the ranking of the social structure
D) an understanding of between group differences
E) an understanding of Canadian dualism

Question 6

Which of the following, although a minority group, is a charter group in Canada?

A) British
B) First Nations
C) French
D) Asians
E) Japanese

Question 7

A caution in the use of definitions of ethnicity is that

A) some people belong to several ethnic groups
B) variation within ethnic groups is often overlooked
C) variation between ethnic groups is often overlooked
D) variation within generations is overlooked
E) some people deny their ethnic membership

Question 8

In the study of ethnic groups, it is important to

A) use a small group approach
B) use an individual approach
C) use a family-centred approach
D) use no special approach
E) use a generational approach

Question 9

Race refers to

A) an older person's culture
B) an older person's physical appearance
C) an older person's national origin
D) an older person's heritage
E) an older person's ancestral origin

Question 10

The concept of race overlooks

A) social constructions of difference
B) ethnic diversity found in racial groups
C) an identity generating force
D) the consequences of social constructions of race
E) the similarities found in ethnic groups

Question 11

The age-as-leveller concept posits that

A) the "cross-over effect" influences Black Americans
B) there is selective survival and adaptation of certain groups
C) age smoothes out ethnic or racial differences
D) age differences are culturally conditioned
E) age accentuates ethnic or racial differences

Question 12

Gerontologists are interested in knowing the effect of ethnicity on age because

A) everybody responds to the challenges of aging differently
B) different societies respond to the challenges of aging in different ways
C) different races respond to the challenges of aging in different ways
D) different families respond to the challenges of aging in different ways
E) everybody belongs to some racial group that ages differently

Question 13

Understanding the ethnicity of an older person is important because it is

A) a filter influencing the older adult's beliefs, behaviours and interactions
B) a buffer helping older adults avoid unfamiliar ethnic environments
C) a leveller contributing to the equality of older adults
D) a stress factor for most older adults
E) a source of help for most older adults

Question 14

Using the knowledge gained from the standpoint of racial and ethnic groups helps to expose

A) both sides of unequal power relationships
B) older adult's personal experiences of privilege
C) older adult's personal experiences of oppression
D) older adult's perceptions on stratification of Canadian society
E) older adult's perceptions on discrimination

Question 15

All but which of the following are likely to have affected the composition of ethnic groups?

A) Canada's membership in the Commonwealth
B) alterations in immigration policies
C) the ups and downs of economic cycles
D) the ups and downs of population growth
E) the displacement of peoples by wars and political strife

Question 16

Lured by the attraction of good jobs, the immigrant population of Canada grew between 1900 to 1911 from

A) 13 percent to 22 percent
B) 10 percent to 40 percent
C) 34 percent to 55 percent
D) 6 percent to 10 percent
E) 4 percent to 10 percent

Question 17

While in the 1950s, 80 to 90 percent of immigrants came from the United States, in the 1960s the pattern began to change with more immigrants arriving from

A) Europe
B) Asia
C) Africa
D) Northern Europe
E) Australia

Question 18

In 2001, First Nations people made up approximately what percent of the population?

A) 1.4 percent
B) 3.4 percent
C) 8.4 percent
D) 11.4 percent
E) 15.4 percent

Question 19

The oldest groups currently among those 65 years of age and older are

A) Europeans
B) South American
C) Chinese
D) First Nations
E) Jewish

Question 20

First Nations older people are seen as a "young society", where First Nations seniors only account for what percent of the total First Nations population?

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight
E) ten

Question 21

What group increased dramatically in the last 40 years in immigration to Canada?

A) Caribbean groups
B) First Nations
C) Ukranian
D) Asian
E) Dutch

Question 22

From the 1960s onward, there has been a reversal of the proportion of

A) Caucasian to non-Caucasian immigrants
B) non-Caucasian to Caucasian immigrants
C) Caribbean to Caucasian immigrants
D) Asians to Blacks
E) Blacks to Caucasian

Question 23

Among Aboriginal peoples, the projected growth in the number of seniors varies by

A) Aboriginal group and language
B) Aboriginal group and health
C) language and place of residence
D) health and place of residence
E) Aboriginal group and place of residence

Question 24

Future growth is projected to occur among registered Indians and Métis people living in

A) urban areas
B) the south
C) the prairies
D) the north
E) the west

Question 25

Older First Nations peoples are a significant link with First Nations culture because they are

A) the most likely to know folklore
B) the most likely to use a First Nations language
C) the most likely to know past customs
D) the most likely to commune with ancestors
E) the most likely to be the keepers of culture

Question 26

First Nations people over age 65 are twice as likely to

A) work as managers
B) live in smaller families
C) work on the reserve
D) work in unskilled labour
E) live in large households

Question 27

A landed immigrant is a person born in another country who

A) has been granted citizenship by immigration authorities
B) immigration authorities have granted the right to live in Canada
C) has been given a green card by immigration authorities
D) has been granted a temporary stay by immigration authorities
E) has been granted refugee status

Question 28

What proportion of the population age 65 and over were immigrants in 2001?

A) 7.6 percent
B) 11.6 percent
C) 18.6 percent
D) 12.6 percent
E) 28.6 percent

Question 29

The majority of current older immigrants came to Canada prior to

A) 1911
B) 1921
C) 1931
D) 1961
E) 1971

Question 30

Of the immigrants arriving in Canada in 2004, 80 percent were

A) refugees
B) family-class immigrants
C) economic-class immigrants
D) professional-class immigrants
E) individual-class immigrants

Question 31

Compared to those that were Canadian born, immigrants 65 years and older are

A) more likely to be single
B) more likely to have lower levels of education
C) more likely to be in professional/managerial positions
D) more likely to live in smaller households
E) more likely to be unemployed

Question 32

According to the 2001 Census, what percentage of people 65 and over belonged to a visible minority?

A) 1.1 percent
B) 7.1 percent
C) 10.1 percent
D) 16.1 percent
E) 26.1 percent

Question 33

Of all visible minorities over age 65, the largest group is

A) South Asians
B) Chinese
C) Koreans
D) Japanese
E) Indonesians

Question 34

What minority group has a higher proportion of older people than the total Canadian population?

A) South Asians
B) Chinese
C) Japanese
D) Korean
E) Indonesian

Question 35

In light of the current immigration patterns, we can expect to see

A) inclines in the numbers of those of British ancestry
B) declines in the numbers of those of British ancestry
C) a decrease in the number of First Nations seniors in urban areas
D) a decrease in the numbers of visible minority elderly in urban areas
E) little change in immigration in the future

Question 36

All but which of the following theories/frameworks have been applied to the study of ethnicity and aging in Canada?

A) modernization theory
B) buffer hypothesis
C) double jeopardy hypothesis
D) age leveling hypothesis
E) multiple jeopardy hypothesis

Question 37

When scholars investigate assimilation and pluralism of ethnic groups, the core issue is about

A) group identity
B) ethnic identity
C) the stage of multiculturalism
D) the differences between generations
E) religious identity

Question 38

The essentialist approach to understanding ethnicity focuses on

A) an achieved status
B) an ascribed status
C) an adopted status
D) a group status
E) an accepted status

Question 39

Pluralism today usually refers to the Canadian multicultural mosaic that, at least in theory, values

A) assimilation
B) modernization
C) stratification
D) levelling
E) diversity

Question 40

One of the main markers of assimilation is

A) amalgamation
B) education
C) language
D) religious participation
E) community participation

Question 41

The multiple jeopardy hypothesis in gerontology represents the union of which two approaches?

A) the buffer hypothesis and the age leveling hypothesis
B) ethnic stratification and age stratification
C) ethnic stratification and age leveling hypothesis
D) age stratification and political economy
E) ethnic stratification and political economy

Question 42

The buffer hypothesis suggests that

A) education and occupation protect well-being
B) social psychological factors influence well-being
C) self-rated health "buffers" and protects well-being
D) income is a buffer that protects well-being
E) marriage is a buffer that protects well-being

Question 43

Who originally argued that age was a socially constructed category emanating from policies on aging?

A) social constructivists
B) age stratification theorists
C) ethnic stratification theorists
D) political economy theorists
E) life course theorists

Question 44

While many new senior immigrants are pleased to be in Canada, what problem surfaces repeatedly?

A) language difficulty
B) financial dependence
C) unemployment
D) service utilization
E) use of health care

Question 45

Who depends the most on the public pension system in Canada?

A) visible minorities
B) immigrants
C) First Nations people
D) ethnic minorities
E) Blacks

Question 46

The healthy immigrant thesis proposes that

A) immigrants of all ages are healthy on arrival but lose this advantage over time
B) older immigrants are healthy on arrival and stay the same over time
C) immigrants of all ages are healthy on arrival and improve over time
D) older immigrants are healthy on arrival and improve over time
E) immigrants of all ages are healthy on arrival but stay the same

Question 47

In terms of mental health, an American study has found that

A) the suicide rate for Chinese men over age 65 is higher than for the total older population
B) older Chinese women have a suicide rate 10 times that for older Caucasian women
C) older Chinese men and women have a suicide rate twice that for the total older population
D) the suicide rate for older Chinese men is twice that for the total older Caucasian population
E) the suicide rate for all immigrants is five times that for the total non-immigrant population

Question 48

Canadian researchers have found that the most important sociodemographic factor that influences helping behaviour across ethnic groups is

A) level of income
B) level of education
C) marital status
D) co-residency
E) geographical residency

Question 49

All but which of the following factors is related to the propensity for immigrant groups to live in three or more generation households?

A) marriage
B) lower incomes
C) widowhood
D) non-receipt of pension benefits
E) shorter time in Canada

Question 50

Further research on service delivery to older ethnic minorities is required to

A) ensure that services are culturally sensitive while being integrated into all services for older adults
B) determine whether culturally sensitive services or ethnic-specific services are required for older ethnic adults
C) determine whether services for older adults meet the needs of ethnic older people
D) ensure that services are culturally appropriate to each group
E) advocate for more training of ethnic minorities in service provision

Question 51

Definitions of ethnicity always includes a shared identity, a language and a religion.

Question 52

Race is a constructed social phenomenon.

Question 53

It is important for researchers to know what is culturally determined and what is age determined.

Question 54

The evidence for ethnic differences in support, both instrumental and affective, has been mixed.

Question 55

There are consistent research findings on the influence of ethnicity on service utilization.

Question 56

Define "ethnicity" and "race." Why are the concepts important to the study of aging?

Question 57

What is the "age-as-leveller" concept? Does research provide support for this concept? What is the implication for aging research?

Question 58

Briefly discuss the shifts in the composition of the total Canadian population with respect to ethnic origin. How does Canada's present older population compare? Will this stay the same in the future?

Question 59

Briefly discuss the state of theory with respect to ethnicity. What is the research focus in Canada, as compared to other countries? What are the weaknesses in theory at present?

Question 60

Compare and contrast the multiple jeopardy hypothesis with the age levelling and buffer hypotheses.

Question 61

What is the healthy immigrant thesis and what evidence has been found to support its validity?

Question 62

Explain the differences between family-class immigrants, economic class immigrants and refugees. Which status is most applicable to Canadian ethnic seniors and how does this affect their life in Canada?

Question 63

Briefly discuss the economic situation of Aboriginals, especially Aboriginal seniors, in Canada.

Question 64

What are the issues involved in untangling cultural preferences from economic need as determinants of co-residency?

Question 65

What are the barriers to service utilization for Canada's ethnically-diverse older population? What are some solutions to these problems?

Question 66

Explain the ways that ethnicity affects the aging process and why it matters.

Question 67

What is the current ethnic mix of Canada and how will it change in the future. What will be the health and social service implications for Canadian society?

Question 68

Critically examine the links between age stratification and ethnic stratification and the effects of these approaches on the study of ethnicity and aging.

Question 69

What is the current state of economic resources of older minorities in Canada? How might the current economic resources of older ethnic minorities affect Canadian social policy?

Question 70

Evaluate the Canadian evidence on ethnicity and patterns of family support for older adults in terms of the underlying assumption about the traditional-modern continuum that drives the research.