Deck 12: Violence, Memory, and Striving for a Just World

Question 1

Illegitimate or illegal state violence against citizens is called:

A) genocide
B) ethnocide
C) dirty war
D) structural violence

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In areas such as Nicaragua and El Salvador, each of the following contributed to thincrease in economic disparity and repression so evident in the 1970s except:

A) cattle
B) coffee
C) cotton
D) rice

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which country most opposed the Sandinista victory in Nicaragua?

A) United States
B) Spain
C) Mexico
D) Honduras

Answer 3

A

Question 4

One of the most significant catalysts to the guerilla uprisings in El Salvador was:

A) heavy immigration from neighboring countries
B) liberation theology
C) United States intervention in Costa Rica
D) the 1922 indigenous rebellion

Question 5

The heaviest state violence against an indigenous population in Central Americoccurred in:

A) Nicaragua
B) Mexico
C) El Salvador
D) Guatemala

Question 6

One of the most important cultural consequences of the violence in Guatemala habeen:

A) the emergence of a pan-Maya identity
B) the emergence of a collective national identity
C) the resurgence of Mayan leaders and officials
D) the mass migration of Mayans to Mexico

Question 7

The government of Salvador Allende was:

A) a coalition of military and elite forces
B) the first popularly elected government of the Catholic left
C) one of the most oppressive military regimes in Latin America
D) the first popularly elected Marxist government in Latin America

Question 8

During the military takeover of 1973 in Chile, the forces encountered particularlstiff resistance in:

A) elite neighborhoods
B) urban shantytowns
C) rural areas
D) working-class neighborhoods

Question 9

All of the following characteristics distinguish the case of state violence iArgentina except:

A) occurred primarily in urban contexts
B) most of the population pursued no ideological line in favor of either side
C) most of the fighting occurred towards the end of the military regime
D) most of the guerilla groups were small and predominantly middle-class

Question 10

The FARC is associated with guerilla activities and violence in:

A) Colombia
B) Chile
C) El Salvador
D) Honduras

Question 11

In an effort to gain control over the rising violence in Colombia, elite landownerand wealthy individuals created:

A) An army-air force unified front
B) counter-terrorism organizations
C) paramilitary organizations
D) new military and civilian posts

Question 12

All of the following were catalysts in the Zapatista struggle except:

A) 1994 privatization of indigenous communal lands
B) failure of neoliberal reforms for indigenous peoples in the area
C) implementation of NAFTA
D) lifting of subsidies for small-scale producers

Question 13

All of the following were catalysts in the development of Sendero Luminosexcept:

A) left-wing political and academic activism
B) rampant inflation and free-market policies
C) development of regional peasant and labor organizations
D) increasing economic reforms among indigenous organizations

Question 14

The Stoll-Menchú controversy emerged primarily because:

A) Rigoberto Menchú's account does not represent truth
B) there are academic controversies over the production of knowledge and cultural politics
C) both individuals have very different understandings and perceptions of what occurred in Guatemala
D) there is a history of controversy between these two authors

Question 15

The Central American civil wars led to the mass emigration of Guatemalan Mayato the United States. Approximately how many are estimated to have sought refuge in the U.S.?

A) more than 1 million
B) more than 3 million
C) more than 2 million
D) less than 1 million

Question 16

Memory work has only just recently come to the attention of anthropologists aimportant in reconstructing a chronicle of events.

Question 17

The crop that caused most social division and unrest in Central America wabananas.

Question 18

The Contra War occurred in El Salvador.

Question 19

The Mayan tzuultaq'a are mountain spirits who require appeasement for safekeeping.

Question 20

Prior to their assumption of power, Chile's military has a tradition of beinsubmissive to civilian rule.

Question 21

Tens of thousands of civilians were "diappeared" in Argentina during the 1970s.

Question 22

A high-ranking female combatant led the initial EZLN assault on San Cristóbal dLas Casas.

Question 23

The current stalemate in Chiapas is political and not military.

Question 24

Cultural anthropologists long predicted the rise of indigenous guerilla movements ilate twentieth century Peru.

Question 25

The 1992 "self-coup" carried out by President Alberto Fujimori exacerbated thweak position of the Peruvian state.

Question 26

What is memory work?

Question 27

What are the three conditions that led to a Sandinista victory in Nicaragua?

Question 28

Why did the Guatemalan military intentionally target the unarmed Maya Indians?

Question 29

Who are the "Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo"?

Question 30

List the five primary areas of academic controversy concerning cultural politics anthe production of knowledge.

Question 31

Discuss the consequences of violence as a social trauma within society

Question 32

Describe the meaning of the words desaparecer and desaparecidos and explaitheir significance in Latin America.

Question 33

Explain why the Zapatista uprising has been a particularly significant event for all oLatin America.