Deck 4: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Emotional states that arise following a comparison of actual behaviour relative to a normative or ideal behaviour' is captured by what term?

A) Moral emotions
B) Basic emotions
C) Motivations
D) Moods

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the midbrain structure in which the dopaminergic reward-related system originates?

A) Substantia nigra
B) Superior colliculus
C) Inferior colliculus
D) Ventral tegmental area

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What laterality differences in emotion processing did Nicholls et al. (2004) find?

A) Left side of the face displays emotional expression before the right side.
B) Right side of a face is judged to be sadder and the left side happier.
C) Left side of a face is judged to be sadder and the right side happier.
D) Right side of the face displays emotional expression before the left side.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What statement regarding dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens is true?

A) They respond more to expected rewards than unexpected rewards.
B) They respond to reward irrespective of expectation.
C) They only respond to rewards that have been conditioned (i.e. secondary reinforcers)
D) They respond more to unexpected rewards than expected rewards.

Question 5

What term denotes 'learning that a previously rewarded stimulus is no longer rewarding'?

A) Response conflict
B) Regret
C) Extinction
D) Re-contextualization

Question 6

What were the results of Schacter & Singer's (1962) experiment?

A) Epinephrine/adrenaline by itself leads to emotional experience.
B) Epinephrine/adrenaline increases emotional experience but only in the presence of an emotion-eliciting context.
C) Epinephrine/adrenaline decreases emotional experience but only in the presence of an emotion-eliciting context.
D) Epinephrine/adrenaline has no effect on emotional experience.

Question 7

Which brain region has been hypothesized to have a specialized role in the perception of disgust?

A) Ventral striatum
B) Medial temporal lobes
C) Insular cortex
D) Orbito-frontal cortex

Question 8

Which brain region has been linked to response conflict in the Stroop effect?

A) Ventral anterior cingulate cortex
B) Ventral striatum
C) Dorsal striatum
D) Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

Question 9

Which of the following accounts of emotion relied strongly on evidence from facial expressions?

A) Damasio (1994)
B) Ekman et al. (1972)
C) James (1884)
D) Le Doux (1996)

Question 10

Which of the following is not a Brodmann's area linked to the orbito-frontal/ventro-medial frontal region?

A) 9
B) 10
C) 11
D) 12

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A) Unusual tameness
B) Emotional blunting
C) Dietary changes
D) Prosopagnosia

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's six basic emotions?

A) Surprise
B) Sadness
C) Anger
D) Embarrassment

Question 13

Which theory of emotion predicts that 'we feel sad because we cry, rather than we cry because we feel sad'?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Maclean's 'limbic brain' theory
D) Ortony's appraisal theory

Question 14

Who identified 'reward centers' of the brain using the method of self-stimulation?

A) Kluver & Bucy (1939)
B) Scoville & Milner (1956)
C) Olds & Milner (1954)
D) Maslow (1943)

Question 15

What happens in the brain when eating chocolate to satiety leads to a shift from pleasant/wanted to unpleasant/unwanted?

A) Lateral prefrontal activity shifts from ventral to dorsal
B) Orbito-frontal activity shifts lateral to medial
C) Orbito-frontal activity shifts medial to lateral
D) Lateral prefrontal activity shifts from dorsal to ventral

Question 16

What component of emotions did Darwin's theory of emotion emphasize?

A) Internal bodily states
B) Expressions
C) Punishment
D) Hedonic value

Question 17

States in which rewards are sought and punishers are avoided' refers to what?

A) Emotion
B) Motivation
C) Mood
D) Hedonic value

Question 18

According to Bechara et al. (1995) how do patients with hippocampal damage perform on fear-conditioning?

A) They are able to recall the association, but show a reduced skin conductance response.
B) They can neither recall the association nor show a normal skin conductance response.
C) They are able to recall the association and show a reduced skin conductance response.
D) They show a normal skin conductance response to the learned association, but are unable to recall the association.

Question 19

According to Le Doux what structure mediates the 'fast route' to the amygdala?

A) Hippocampus
B) Primary visual cortex
C) Thalamus
D) Hypothalamus

Question 20

According to Rushworth et al. (2007) what is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A) To assess the reward/punishment value of stimuli
B) To inhibit salient responses
C) To make social comparisons
D) To assess the reward/punishment value of responses

Question 21

Canli et al. (2001) reported amygdala activity to happy faces in which group of people?

A) People with social phobia
B) People with an intravert personality
C) People with an extravert personality
D) People with orbitofrontal cortex lesions

Question 22

If a tone is reliably paired with a shock then the tone will itself come to elicit a fear response. What name is given to the tone after this process has occurred?

A) Unconditioned stimulus (CS-)
B) Conditioned response
C) Unconditioned response
D) Conditioned stimulus (CS+)

Question 23

In Cannon-Bard theory what biological structure was considered particularly important in the generation of emotions?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Autonomic Nervous System
C) Amygdala
D) Limbic system

Question 24

In Freudian theory, which component of the self was associated with 'primitive' urges?

A) Ego
B) Id
C) Super-ego
D) Hysteric

Question 25

In James-Lange theory what biological structure was considered particularly important in the generation of emotions?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Autonomic Nervous System
C) Amygdala
D) Limbic system

Question 26

In social referencing what acts as the reinforcer?

A) Facial expressions
B) A shock
C) A loud noise
D) Imitation

Question 27

Lesions to what part of the brain lead to socially inappropriate behaviour and also difficulties in reversal learning?

A) Orbito-frontal cortex
B) Amygdala
C) Insula
D) Ventral striatum

Question 28

Ochsner et al. (2002) asked participants to reappraise a negative event 'so that it no longer elicited a negative response'. What brain region do you think showed higher activity in the reappraisal condition relative to passive viewing?

A) Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B) Amygdala
C) Insula
D) Lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 29

What brain structure contains the nucleus accumbens?

A) Thalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Hypothalamus
D) Ventral striatum

Question 30

Who proposed a 'hierarchy of needs'?

A) Maslow (1943)
B) Baxter & Murray (2002)
C) Rolls (2005)
D) Blair (1995)