Question 1

Tomporowski (2009) outlines key components of cognitive functioning. Which component appears most modifiable by physical activity?&#10;A) perception&#10;B) pattern recognition&#10;C) executive function&#10;D) attention&#10;E) memory

Accepted Answer

According to Tomporowski (2009), executive function, which involves skills such as planning, problem-solving, and decision-making, appears to be the most modifiable by physical activity. Research has shown that regular physical activity can improve executive function in children, adolescents, and adults. While physical activity can also have some positive effects on attention and memory, the evidence for these components being highly modifiable by physical activity is not as strong as it is for executive function.

Question 2

Testing the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning is highly complex. What are some explanations for this?&#10;A) Effects of physical activity may be acute or chronic&#10;B) Different forms of physical activity can vary by intensity, duration and context&#10;C) There are many different potential cognitive outcomes which can be assessed in different ways&#10;D) Tests of cognitive functioning may involve people of different ages and health conditions&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the above statements are true and contribute to the complexity of testing the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning. Acute effects of physical activity may differ from chronic effects, and different forms of physical activity may have different effects on cognitive outcomes, such as memory or attention. Additionally, cognitive functioning tests may involve individuals of varying ages and health conditions, which can affect results.

Question 3

There is evidence showing that single, acute, bouts of physical activity, may have positive effects on cognitive and academic performance. However, results may be __________&#10;A) Goal-directed&#10;B) Task-specific&#10;C) Action- oriented&#10;D) Contingent

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for the term that describes the variability in results of single, acute bouts of physical activity on cognitive and academic performance. "Task-specific" is the term that best fits this description, as the effectiveness of exercise on cognitive and academic performance may vary depending on the specific task being performed.

Question 4

This chapter presents the results from a number of meta-analyses examining the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning among young people. How would you describe in general the size of the effect reported in these?

A) no effect
B) small to moderate effect
C) moderate effect
D) large effect

Accepted Answer

The results from the meta-analyses indicate a small to moderate effect size for the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning among young people. This means that physical activity is positively associated with cognitive functioning, but the effect is not extremely large.

Question 5

Biddle et al. (2019) concluded that there was evidence for a causal association between physical activity and cognitive functioning in young people. Which causality criterion currently has no evidence?

A) strength of association
B) temporal sequencing
C) dose-response
D) biological plausibility

Accepted Answer

The dose-response relationship, which suggests that increasing levels of physical activity would lead to greater improvements in cognitive functioning, currently lacks evidence according to Biddle et al. (2019).

Question 6

There are likely many factors that moderate the relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning among adults. Which statement do you agree with?&#10;A) Exercise must be vigorous&#10;B) Those with lower fitness may gain more from exercise&#10;C) Exercise should just be aerobic in nature&#10;D) Short bouts of exercise are best

Accepted Answer

Those with lower fitness may gain more from exercise because they have more room for improvement. However, the other statements are not universally true and there may be individual differences in how exercise affects cognitive functioning.

Question 7

'Alzheimer and other dementias' are predicted in high income countries to become the __________ leading cause of death by 2030 (Mathers & Loncar, 2006). A) 1^st B) 3^rd C) 7^th D) 10^th

Accepted Answer

The answer of 'Alzheimer and other dementias' are predicted in...

Question 8

Evidence was gathered concerning cognition and brain outcomes across all age groups in updating the 2018 American guidelines for physical activity. How did they characterize the strength of the evidence regarding the association between physical activity and the reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia?

A) No evidence
B) Weak evidence
C) Moderate evidence
D) Strong evidence

Accepted Answer

The 2018 American guidelines for physical activity characterized the evidence as strong regarding the association between physical activity and a reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia.

Deck 4: Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning