Question 1

Type-2 processing is considered to be&#10;A) relatively fast, effortless and automatic&#10;B) relatively slow, effortful and volitional&#10;C) relatively fast, effortful and automatic&#10;D) relatively slow, effortful and automatic

Accepted Answer

Type-2 processing is characterized as being relatively slow, effortful, and volitional, distinguishing it from Type-1 processing which is fast, automatic, and requires less conscious thought.

Question 2

Behaviour is more likely to be regulated by conscious decisions through intentions&#10;A) In novel contexts&#10;B) In familiar contexts&#10;C) In enjoyable contexts&#10;D) In unpleasant contexts

Accepted Answer

In novel contexts, individuals are more likely to consciously regulate their behavior through intentions as they are not familiar with the environment and have to actively assess the situation and make decisions. In familiar contexts, behavior may become more automatic and habitual, less influenced by conscious intention. Enjoyable or unpleasant contexts may influence motivation but may not necessarily lead to conscious regulation of behavior through intentions.

Question 3

Gardner and colleagues (2011) reviewed associations between a measure of habit and selected health behaviours. They reported the average strength of correlation between this index and various physical activities was

A) Not significant
B) Small
C) Moderate
D) Moderate-to-large

Moderate-to-large

Accepted Answer

Gardner and colleagues reported that the average strength of correlation between a measure of habit and various physical activities was moderate-to-large.

Question 4

Affectively charged motivation to not perform a behaviour (i.e., fear, aversion) tends to occur for behaviours that are&#10;A) Delayed in pleasure but have positive health outcomes&#10;B) Immediately pleasurable but have poor health consequences&#10;C) Immediately aversive but have positive health outcomes&#10;D) Immediately aversive but do not have any health consequences

Accepted Answer

The answer of Affectively charged motivation to not perform a...

Question 5

The Affective-Reflective Theory (ART)(Brand & Ekkekakis, 2018) is distinct from other theories used in exercise psychology because it&#10;A) Integrates a range of social-cognitive theoretical perspectives&#10;B) Has a central focus on affect and automaticity&#10;C) Has a practical orientation&#10;D) Can explain long term maintenance of behaviour

Accepted Answer

The Affective-Reflective Theory (ART) is distinct from other theories used in exercise psychology because it has a central focus on affect and automaticity. Other theories may focus more on social-cognitive perspectives or long-term maintenance of behavior, but ART specifically emphasizes the role of emotions and automatic processes in exercise behavior.

Question 6

According to the Affective-Reflective Theory (ART) (Brand & Ekkekakis, 2018), reflective evaluation is to _______________ as automatic affective valuation is to ______________.&#10;A) Action impulse, action plans&#10;B) Instrumental attitudes, affective attitudes&#10;C) Actions plans, action impulse&#10;D) Affective attitudes, instrumental attitudes

Accepted Answer

Reflective evaluation involves deliberate thought and planning, leading to action plans, while automatic affective valuation is immediate and instinctive, leading to action impulses.

Question 7

The concept describing when people tend to respond more to the immediate costs and benefits of their actions than to those experienced over the long-term is known as&#10;A) Salience&#10;B) Loss Aversion&#10;C) Over-Optimism&#10;D) Present Bias

Accepted Answer

Present Bias refers to the tendency to prioritize short-term rewards over long-term consequences. People often make decisions based on immediate gratification and overlook potential long-term negative outcomes. This bias can lead to procrastination, addiction, and financial difficulties.

Question 8

Hollands et al. (2013) found that the majority of physical activity choice architecture studies have&#10;A) Attempted to change ambience&#10;B) Used prompting (with signs)&#10;C) Used labelling&#10;D) Changed functional design

Accepted Answer

Hollands et al. (2013) found that the majority of physical activity choice architecture studies have used prompting (with signs) as a strategy to influence behavior. This approach involves using cues or prompts to encourage physical activity, such as signs that encourage taking the stairs instead of the elevator.

Question 9

Evidence presented in chapter 10 suggests that there are short term benefits of incentives for physical activity participation. The evidence for long-term benefits is&#10;A) Moderate&#10;B) Less compelling&#10;C) Absent&#10;D) Unlikely

Accepted Answer

The evidence for long-term benefits of incentives for physical activity participation is less compelling. While short-term benefits may include increased participation and motivation, maintaining these behaviors without continued incentives is a challenge. Research suggests that long-term behavior change is best promoted through intrinsic motivation and a sense of personal achievement rather than external incentives.

Deck 10: Automatic and Dual-Process Approaches