Deck 9: Making Memories: Conceptual Issues and Methodologies

Question 1

Studies of LTP provide a foundation for uncovering memory molecules.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

LTP is memory.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

If damage to a particular brain region impairs test performance, we can assume that regions contained memory neurons.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Damage to a particular brain region, X, impaired performance on a memory test. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that X is a memory-storage region.

Question 5

Short-term memories decay more rapidly than long-term memories.

Question 6

Long-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than short-term memories.

Question 7

Limited retrograde amnesia produced by a concussion likely affects only memories in the active state.

Question 8

Behavior is the product of many subcomponent systems.

Question 9

Consolidation refers to the process of converting strong memories in to weak ones.

Question 10

Consolidation refers to the process of increasing the memory trace's resistance to disruption.

Question 11

Amnesia is always due to a storage failure.

Question 12

If amnesia is due to a retrieval failure, the lost memory can be recovered.

Question 13

If amnesia is due to a storage failure, the lost memory can be recovered.

Question 14

An advantage of the inhibitory avoidance task is that only one trial is needed to produce a behavioral change.

Question 15

A ceiling effect is said to occur if the response measure is already at the maximum.

Question 16

If the experimenter wants to study a drug that might interfere with memory, then the floor effect would be a problem to avoid.

Question 17

Fear conditioning provides the opportunity to measure both context learning and auditory-cue learning.

Question 18

Place-learning in the Morris water task uses a visible platform.

Question 19

On a probe test in the Morris water task, the hidden platform is removed.

Question 20

In the object-recognition test, memory is demonstrated if the animal spends more time exploring the new object.

Question 21

In the object-in-context task, animal memory is demonstrated if the animal spends more time exploring the object that was present in the training context.

Question 22

The advantage of stereotaxic surgery it that the experimenter can precisely place the electrode or cannula in the desired location.

Question 23

Viral vectors are used to deliver drugs to specific regions in the brain.

Question 24

Viral vectors are used to deliver mRNA constructs to specific regions in the brain.

Question 25

Viral vectors are not part of the optogenetics methodology.

Question 26

Activation of channelrhodopsin by green light will allow sodium to enter the channel.

Question 27

Activation of channelrhodopsin by blue light will allow sodium to enter the channel.

Question 28

The DREADD methodology takes more time to activate of inhibit neurons than optogenetics.

Question 29

The existence of a memory trace is inferred when the training experience influences behavior.

Question 30

Why is test behavior considered the window to the memory trace?

Question 31

What is the consolidation period?

Question 32

Explain why the ECS methodology did not advance our understanding of memory.

Question 33

Name three methods for influencing brain function.

Question 34

What is the significance of the learning-performance distinction?

Question 35

List three differences between a short-term memory trace and a long-term memory trace.

Question 36

What is a time-limited retrograde amnesia?

Question 37

What is the difference between amnesia due to a retrieval failure compared to a storage failure?

Question 38

Explain the floor effect.

Question 39

What are the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response in fear conditioning methodology?

Question 40

How is the visible-platform task used to evaluate results observed in the place-learning task? Explain why.

Question 41

Explain why genetic engineering is believed to be more precise than applying drugs in manipulating the molecules involved in memory.

Question 42

What is the function of channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsins?

Question 43

Memories are the product of organisms _______ with their _______.

Question 44

Amnesia for events experienced prior to the blow to the head that caused it is an example of _______ amnesia.

Question 45

Forgetting the location of a book or a coffee cup, only to remember it later, is an example of _______ failure.

Question 46

In inhibitory avoidance conditioning, it is assumed that the strength of the memory trace is reflected in the _______.

Question 47

When the response measure is at its maximum, researchers should be wary of the _______ effect.

Question 48

When investigating a drug or some other manipulation that is hypothesized to strengthen a memory trace, researchers should use lower-intensity shock to avoid the _______ effect.

Question 49

In fear conditioning, shocked rats display more _______ response than rats that were not shocked.

Question 50

In fear conditioning, the duration of the _______ response is an indicator of the strength of the memory.

Question 51

The _______ is often used as a control task to evaluate alternative interpretations of the effect of brain manipulation on performance in the place-learning task.

Question 52

_______ allows scientists to control one type of cell without altering other types.

Question 53

Which statement(s) about memory and the mind is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) An LTP inducing stimulus produces a memory.
B) Memories result from behavioral experiences.
C) Behavior is the window to the mind.
D) Memories are directly observable.
E) None of the above

Question 54

Which statement(s) about memory and the brain is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Memories result from behavioral experiences.
B) Synaptic changes recorded as LTP are memories
C) Studies of synaptic plasticity provide hypotheses about what molecules are involved in memory
D) Memories are directly observable.
E) None of the above

Question 55

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Behavior is the window to memory.
B) Behavioral tests are perfect indicators of memory.
C) Many component systems contribute to behaviors used to test memory retrieval.
D) Emotional processes can interfere with memory retrieval.
E) None of the above

Question 56

Which statement(s) about memory is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) Short-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are easy to disrupt.
B) Long-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are hard to disrupt.
C) Time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect short-term memory.
D) Time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect long-term memory.
E) None of the above

Question 57

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Short-term memories are in an active state.
B) Short-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than long-term memories.
C) Long-term memories are more resistant to disruption than short-term memories.
D) Long-term memories have a faster decay rate than short-term memories.
E) None of the above

Question 58

When memories are consolidated, they _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) become susceptible to disruption.
B) can no longer be retrieved.
C) decay at a faster rate.
D) can never be disrupted.
E) None of the above

Question 59

Which statement(s) about memories is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Newly established memories are more resistant to disruption than older memories.
B) Newly established memories are the most difficult to study experimentally.
C) Old memories have a shorter decay time than new memories.
D) Old memories are more resistant to disruption than new memories.
E) None of the above

Question 60

Which statement(s) about inhibitory avoidance conditioning is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Longer latencies reflect a stronger memory trace.
B) The dependent variable is crossover latency.
C) As shock intensity increases, so does response latency.
D) Multiple training trials are required to produce a memory for the experience.
E) None of the above

Question 61

Which statement(s) is/are true about are inhibitory avoidance conditioning and fear conditioning? (Select all that apply.)

A) Both are measures of aversive learning.
B) Crossover latency is the dependent variable in both tasks.
C) Freezing is the dependent variable in both tasks.
D) Only one trial is needed to produce the memory.
E) None of the above

Question 62

Which can be considered a feature of the place-learning task? (Select all that apply.)

A) The platform remains in the same location in each trial.
B) The platform is visible to the rodent.
C) For each trial, the rodent is released from the same location inside the pool.
D) The platform is visible in the first trial but made invisible in subsequent trials.
E) None of the above

Question 63

Which statement(s) about opsins is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Channelrhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them.
B) Channelrhodopsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them.
C) Halorhodopsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them.
D) Halorhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them.
E) None of the above.

Question 64

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) DREADDS but not optogenetic method depend on viral vector delivery systems.
B) Both DREADDs and optogenetic methods depend on viral vector delivery systems.
C) Viral vector systems delivery genetic material.
D) When activated by light channelrhodopsins the neuron hyperpolarizes.
E) None of the above