Deck 6: Consolidating Ltp: Specific Mechanisms

Question 1

Local protein synthesis can provide protein in the right places on demand.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Local protein synthesis occurs before mRNA is delivered to the dendritic spine region.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Microtubules are an essential component of mRNA delivery to the dendritic spine region.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

mRNA in the dendritic spine region are stationary.

Question 5

Inhibiting actin polymerization has no effect on the capture of mRNA by spines.

Question 6

The induction of LTP is accompanied by local movement of polyribosomes into the spine.

Question 7

Local protein synthesis requires the assembly of TOP proteins into functional ribosomal complexes.

Question 8

Proteasomes tag proteins for degradation.

Question 9

Ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation.

Question 10

The mTOR-TOP pathway is critical for the induction of LTP.

Question 11

BDNF is synthesized, stored, and released from the presynaptic neuron, but it can also be released from dendrites.

Question 12

Inhibiting the UPS system inhibits LTP induction and prevents the late enduring phase of LTP.

Question 13

The antisense methodology allows researchers to directly prevent transcription.

Question 14

The antisense methodology allows researchers to prevent the translation of specific mRNA into protein

Question 15

The application of BDNF can produce long-lasting LTP even if the translation of Arc is prevented by antisense.

Question 16

One advantage of clustered synapses is that it is easier for the glutamate release to depolarize the neuron.

Question 17

Clustered spines can capture protein synthesized in their vicinity.

Question 18

The synaptic tag and capture hypothesis was proposed to explain how plasticity products (mRNA and protein) get targeted to the correct synapses.

Question 19

Only untagged synapses can capture plasticity products produced by a strong stimulus.

Question 20

All tagged synapses participate in the generation of new plasticity products.

Question 21

Blocking protein synthesis has no effect on mRNA distribution produced by glutamate release onto a spine.

Question 22

Stimulated spines have fewer polyribosomes than unstimulated spine.

Question 23

What is the general advantage of local protein synthesis?

Question 24

Discuss the significance of the concept of the protein-on-demand system in relation to the classic central dogma view.

Question 25

Briefly describe the role of microtubules.

Question 26

What are primary steps to the initiation of local protein synthesis?

Question 27

What are TOP mRNAs? Explain how they enhance translation capacity?

Question 28

What are the sources of BDNF?

Question 29

What is an immediate early gene?

Question 30

What is an antisense oligonucleotide? How is it used to study LTP?

Question 31

The synaptic tag and capture hypothesis is based on three assumptions. What are they?

Question 32

Explain how a weak stimulation can produce L-LTP?

Question 33

How does the UPS work?

Question 34

What is ubiquitination?

Question 35

How does the UPS contribute to protein synthesis and consolidation?

Question 36

What is the relationship between transcription repressor proteins, the UPS system, and enduring LTP?

Question 37

What is rapamycin?

Question 38

What is the basic signal cascade that produces local protein synthesis?

Question 39

What is the critical contribution of the mTOR complex in local protein synthesis?

Question 40

What are some advantages of LTP being induced in clusters of spines?

Question 41

What is the function of a synaptic tag and what is its physical basis?

Question 42

mRNA depend on _______ and motor proteins for delivery to the dendritic spine region

Question 43

Inhibiting _______ receptors prevents the relocation of mRNA in the dendritic spine region.

Question 44

Polyribosomes _______ mRNA into protein

Question 45

Interfering with BDNF activating _______ receptors prevent the translation of TOP mRNAs and development of long-lasting LTP.

Question 46

Applying antisense to Arc prevents BDNF-induced _______.

Question 47

The _______ methodology could be used to prevent the translation of a specific protein.

Question 48

Drugs such as β-lactone can prevent proteasomes from _______ protein.

Question 49

The _______ model assumes dendrite is a functional unit that contains all the machinery required to supply synapses with the proteins needed to ensure enduring change (local protein synthesis).

Question 50

According to the synaptic clustered plasticity model, synapses capture protein that is _______ in the local region

Question 51

According to the Frey and Morris, synaptic tag and capture hypothesis only _______ synapses can capture plasticity products

Question 52

The idea that the capture of Arc by inactive CaMKII in unstimulated spines helps preserved potentiated spins is called the _______ hypothesis.

Question 53

The "protein on demand system" offers which advantage(s)? (Select all that apply.)

A) Proteins can be translated when and where they are needed.
B) Protein translation depends on genomic signaling.
C) The relevant mRNA are already available in the dendritic spine region.
D) New protein can be rapidly produced.
E) None of the above

Question 54

Stimulating spines regulate local dendritic spine dynamics by _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) changing the distribution of ribosomes and mRNA
B) initiating genomic signaling
C) initiating actin polymerization
D) preventing the delivery of mRNA to the spine
E) All of the above

Question 55

The BDNF $\rightarrow$ TrkB $\rightarrow$ mTOR signaling pathway initiates local protein synthesis by _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) signaling the nucleus to transcribe genes that support LTP
B) removing the inhibitory influence of the TOP protein 4E-BP
C) releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum
D) allowing new functional ribosomal complexes to form
E) None of the above

Question 56

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Proteasomes degrade ubiquitin tagged proteins.
B) Proteasomes tag proteins for degradation.
C) Ubiquitin molecules degrade proteins.
D) Inhibiting the UPS system prevents enduring LTP.
E) None of the above

Question 57

Which statement(s) is/are benefits of strengthening synapses in clusters? (Select all that apply.)

A) Clustered spines can share in locally synthesized protein.
B) Stimulating clustered spines is more likely to depolarize the dendritic spine region than stimulating the same number of distributed spines/
C) Clustered spines will not compete for synaptic proteins as well as distributed spines.
D) Glutamate is not required to activate spine clusters.
E) None of the above

Question 58

According to the synaptic tag and capture hypothesis, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) synapses tagged by either a weak or strong stimulus can capture plasticity products
B) only weak stimuli produce plasticity products
C) over time a synapse can lose its tag
D) plasticity products are trafficked from the spine to the nucleus
E) None of the above