Deck 5: Consolidating Ltp: Translation and Transcription

Question 1

According to the de novo protein synthesis (DNPS) hypothesis, long-lasting memories require that the learning experience generate new proteins.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The consolidating event is likely the building of an enlarged, stable actin cytoskeleton.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Anisomycin causes LTP produced by intense, high-frequency stimulation to resemble LPT produced by a weak-induction stimulus.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The fact that anisomycin has no effect on short-lasting LTP implies that it requires new protein to be generated.

Question 5

Transcription refers to the creation of new protein.

Question 6

Both transcription and translation depend on post-translation modifications of existing protein.

Question 7

Local protein synthesis depends on already existing mRNA.

Question 8

CREB is an important translation factor found in dendrites.

Question 9

To produce mRNA, signaling molecules enter the nucleus to phosphorylate transcription factors.

Question 10

Dendritic protein synthesis (local protein synthesis) is not sufficient to produce relatively long-lasting LTP.

Question 11

Genomic signaling refers to processes initiated by synaptic events that lead to the transcription of new mRNA.

Question 12

Synapse-to-nucleus signaling depends on voltage-gated calcium channels, but soma-to-nucleus signaling does not.

Question 13

The first of the two waves of protein synthesis depends on genomic signaling.

Question 14

Extracellular calcium is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 15

NMDA receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels allow extracellular calcium to enter the neuron.

Question 16

Calcium-induced calcium release refers to extracellular calcium entering the cell.

Question 17

Calcium-induced calcium release occurs when calcium entering via NMDA receptors binds to RyRs on the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 18

If the IP3 receptor is antagonized, a short lasting LTP1 can still be produced.

Question 19

Metabotropic glutamate receptors have ion channels.

Question 20

Antidromic stimulation can convert a short-lasting LTP produced by a weak induction into a long-lasting LTP.

Question 21

In the soma-to-nucleus cascade, repetitive action potentials are assumed to open voltage-dependent calcium channels.

Question 22

What two general processes are necessary for memory consolidation?

Question 23

Describe the de novo protein synthesis hypothesis.

Question 24

Why has anisomycin been used to study LTP?

Question 25

Describe the influence of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin on LTP.

Question 26

A strong stimulus initiates what two rounds of protein synthesis?

Question 27

Where is mRNA found in the neuron?

Question 28

Why does separating the dendrites from the soma provide evidence for local protein synthesis?

Question 29

Why is emetine important?

Question 30

What two major findings illustrate the important role local protein synthesis plays in L-LTP?

Question 31

What is a major feature of the genomic signaling hypothesis?

Question 32

What are plasticity products (PPs)?

Question 33

Describe the order of events in the synapse-to-nucleus signaling model.

Question 34

What is the major assumption in the soma-to-nucleus signaling model?

Question 35

Provide experimental support for the soma-to-nucleus model.

Question 36

Give two reasons why the ER is important in the context of synaptic plasticity.

Question 37

What are the calcium sources important for LTP?

Question 38

What were the results when the protein synthesis inhibitor emetine was applied to the entire hippocampal slice and when it was applied to only the soma?

Question 39

What is calcium-induced calcium release (CICR)?

Question 40

Name the two receptors that can release calcium from the ER into the dendritic compartment. What do they bind to?

Question 41

Activating four sources can increase calcium levels. What are these sources?

Question 42

Why is the activation of CREB a post-translation modification?

Question 43

To ensure consolidation new _______ must be generated.

Question 44

To ensure a consolidated memory, the _______ must initiate translation processes to generate new protein.

Question 45

Pretreatment with anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, prevents the strong stimulus from producing _______.

Question 46

_______ produced by the weak stimulus depends only on post-translation modifications and rearrangements of existing protein.

Question 47

The presence of translation machinery and mRNA in the local dendritic region supports _______.

Question 48

The _______ hypothesis is supported by experiments that separate dendrites in the CA1 region of the hippocampus from their cell bodies.

Question 49

Genomic signaling can occur via two pathways: _______ and _______.

Question 50

Extracellular Ca²⁺ can enter a dendritic spine through NMDA receptors and can enter the soma through _______.

Question 51

Intracellular calcium is found in the _______.

Question 52

Which observation(s) support(s) the idea that the fundamental consolidating event is the construction of an enlarged stable spine? (Select all that apply.)

A) Inhibiting NMDA receptors prevent LTP induction.
B) Preventing actin polymerization prevents LTP from enduring.
C) Preventing cofilin phosphorylation prevents LTP from enduring.
D) Inhibiting actin polymerization prevents the generation of LTP.
E) None of the above

Question 53

The basic claim(s) of the de novo protein synthesis hypothesis is/are that _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) protein synthesis depends on post-translation modifications
B) memory consolidation requires proteins
C) memory consolidation depends on the learning experience generating new protein
D) protein synthesis requires transcription processes
E) None of the above

Question 54

Which can be found in the dendritic region? (Select all that apply.)

A) Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi elements
B) Transcription factors, ribosomal assemblies, and mRNAs
C) Ribosomal assemblies and mRNAs
D) Golgi elements
E) None of the above

Question 55

Which statement(s) about the protein synthesis inhibitor emetine is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) When applied selectively to the soma of stimulated neurons, it did not influence LTP.
B) When applied selectively to the apical dendrites, it prevented LTP from enduring in those dendrites.
C) When applied selectively to the basal dendrites, it did not influence LTP in those dendrites.
D) When applied selectively to the basal dendrites, it also influenced LTP in apical dendrites.
E) None of the above

Question 56

Applying a protein synthesis inhibitor to the slice prior to LTP induction would _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) prevent the induction of LTP
B) prevent LTP from enduring
C) prevent both the induction of LTP and prevent LTP from enduring
D) neither prevent LTP nor prevent LTP from enduring.
E) None of the above

Question 57

The idea that synaptic activity leads to the transcription of new plasticity product needed to build long-lasting LTP is called the _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) translation hypothesis
B) genomic signaling hypotheses
C) post-translation modification hypothesis
D) local protein synthesis hypothesis
E) soma-to-nucleus hypothesis

Question 58

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Transcription depends on post-translation modifications.
B) Transcription directly produces new proteins.
C) Genomic signaling can be initiated by synaptic activity.
D) Transcription process generate mRNA.
E) None of the above

Question 59

The synapse-to-nucleus hypothesis proposes that genomic signaling _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) is initiated directly in the synapse
B) does not depend on voltage-dependent calcium channels
C) is the result of calcium entering the soma from voltage depend calcium channels
D) requires molecules to translocate from the synapse to the nucleus
E) None of the above

Question 60

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Calcium can be released from the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) NMDA receptors are located on the endoplasmic reticulum.
C) IP3 receptors are located primarily on endoplasmic reticulum in the dendritic region
D) RYRs are located primarily on endoplasmic reticulum protruding into the spine.
E) None of the above

Question 61

Which statement(s) is/are false? (Select all that apply.)

A) Calcium can be released from the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) NMDA receptors are located on the endoplasmic reticulum.
C) IP3 receptors are located primarily on dendritic endoplasmic reticulum.
D) RYRs are located primarily on dendritic endoplasmic reticulum.
E) None of the above

Question 62

Calcium induced calcium release depends on _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) IP3 binding to IP3 receptors on dendritic endoplasmic reticulum
B) calcium entering the spine via NMDA receptors binding to ryanodine receptors
C) voltage dependent calcium released into the soma
D) the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum
E) None of the above

Question 63

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Ionotropic receptors respond faster than metabotropic receptors.
B) Only NMDA receptors influx calcium.
C) NMDA receptors have an ion channel.
D) mGluRs have an ion channel.
E) None of the above

Question 64

Which statement(s) about IP3 is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) IP3 requires calcium to enter the cell.
B) IP3 is regulated by NMDA receptors.
C) IP3 is regulated by mGluRs.
D) IP3 binds to RYRs.
E) None of the above

Question 65

Which statement(s) about LTP is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) S-LTP is not blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors.
B) S-LTP depends solely of post-translation modifications.
C) L-LTP depends on transcription and translation processes.
D) L-LTP depends on post translation modifications, transcription, and translation processes.
E) None of the above