Deck 19: Actions, Habits, and the Cortico-Striatal System

Question 1

Instrumental behavior is modified by the outcome it produces.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, instrumental behavior should not be considered purposeful or goal directed.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, instrumental behavior is considered purposeful or goal directed.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Thorndike believed that instrumental behaviors are purposeful and organized around goals.

Question 5

Tolman believed that instrumental behaviors are purposeful and organized around goals.

Question 6

Tolman's theory placed a heavy emphasis on the value of the outcome produced by an instrumental behavior.

Question 7

The habit system is more flexible than the action system.

Question 8

The action system adapts rapidly to changes in contingencies.

Question 9

The habit system adapts slowly to changes in contingencies.

Question 10

The habit system adapts rapidly to changes in contingencies.

Question 11

The habit system is sensitive to repetition.

Question 12

Actions are supported by expectancies whereas habits are supported by S-R connections.

Question 13

Reward devaluation will not influence the behavior if it is controlled by the action system.

Question 14

Reward devaluation will not influence the behavior if it is controlled by the habit system.

Question 15

Allowing the monkey to eat either all the peanuts or all the grapes it wants reduces the value of one of the rewards.

Question 16

Discrimination reversal tests are thought to measure flexibility.

Question 17

Rats with damage to the action system would adapt more rapidly to a discrimination reversal than normal rats.

Question 18

Rats with damage to the habit system would adapt more rapidly to a discrimination reversal than normal rats.

Question 19

Rats with damage to the habit system would adapt more rapidly to a discrimination reversal than rats with damage to the action system.

Question 20

Cocaine use and chronic stress could interfere with the action system, and this could result in the habit system controlling instrumental behaviors.

Question 21

Like the MTH system, the cortico-striatal system has return-loop organization.

Question 22

The striatum is a part of the basal ganglia.

Question 23

Rats with damage to the striatum performed as well as control rats in the adjacent-arm task.

Question 24

The prelimbic region is critical in the acquisition of the associations that support a habit.

Question 25

The dopamine reinforcement hypothesis relates dopamine to Thorndike's idea that rewards strengthen associative connections.

Question 26

What are the two categories of instrumental behavior?

Question 27

Describe the methodology behind the Thorndike puzzle box.

Question 28

Describe Thorndike's Law of Effect theory.

Question 29

What was the significance of Thorndike's test findings that escape latency gradually decreased as a function of trials?

Question 30

How does Tolman's cognitive expectancy system differ from Thorndike's view?

Question 31

Explain the term expectancy.

Question 32

What are the four differences between action and habit?

Question 33

Explain the term flexibility in the context of instrumental behavior.

Question 34

Why is the reward devaluation strategy used?

Question 35

How can one determine whether the correct response is an action supported by an expectancy or a habit supported by an S-R connection?

Question 36

How does the discrimination reversal learning strategy test the flexibility of the system that supports a particular instrumental behavior?

Question 37

In an experiment, rats that had limited training were sensitive to the value of the reward, making fewer lever-pressing responses than the control rats. What conclusions can you make?

Question 38

What is the experimental evidence that the action and habit systems initially compete for control of instrumental behaviors when the requirements of a situation are reversed?

Question 39

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

Question 40

What were the results in the adjacent-arm task?

Question 41

Which three brain regions have been linked to the action system?

Question 42

What is known about the role of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex in instrumental behavior?

Question 43

What two brain regions are critical to the acquisition and maintenance of habits?

Question 44

Consider this statement: The associations that support action-based behavior are still present even after the behavior becomes a habit. Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 45

Which hypothesis provides an explanation for drug relapse?

Question 46

Which theory of instrumental behavior would be most consistent with the dopamine incentive salience hypothesis?

Question 47

Instrumental behavior is modified by the _______ it produces.

Question 48

The Law of Effect originated with _______.

Question 49

Behaviors supported by S-R connections are called _______.

Question 50

According to _______, the associations that make up an expectancy contain information about relationships between stimuli and relationships between behavior and stimulus outcomes.

Question 51

_______ are goal directed, purposeful, and motivated by an anticipated outcome; but _______ are not.

Question 52

The action system acquires _______.

Question 53

The habit system acquires _______.

Question 54

If the response is controlled by the _______ system, devaluing the outcome should reduce the likelihood that the response will occur.

Question 55

If the response is controlled by the _______ system, then reward devaluation will not influence the behavior.

Question 56

Allowing the monkey to eat either all the peanuts or all the grapes it wants _______ the value of one of the rewards.

Question 57

The discrimination reversal learning strategy tests the _______ of the system that supports a particular instrumental behavior.

Question 58

In the conceptual model of instrumental learning, the _______ system is located in level II.

Question 59

In the conceptual model of instrumental learning, the _______ system is located in level I.

Question 60

In the conceptual model of instrumental learning, performance of the instrumental response depends on the activation of the response representation in _______.

Question 61

According to the _______, with limited training, instrumental behaviors are goal directed actions; but with practice; instrumental behaviors tend to shift from actions to habits, meaning they become insensitive to reward devaluation.

Question 62

Cocaine selectively interferes with _______ in spines located on neurons in the region of the brain that supports the action system.

Question 63

Cocaine and chronic stress have been found to interfere with the _______ system.

Question 64

The _______ is at the center of what is sometimes called the cortico-striatal system.

Question 65

The striatum is the basic input segment of the _______.

Question 66

An important function of the striatum is to project back to the _______.

Question 67

Information processed by the striatum projects back to the motor cortex via the _______.

Question 68

Damage to the _______makes rats insensitive to reward devaluation.

Question 69

The _______ plays an important role in attaching value to outcomes.

Question 70

The prelimbic region is critical in the acquisition of the associations that support a(n) _______.

Question 71

Damage to the _______ can prevent a behavior from ever becoming a habit.

Question 72

The dopamine neurons are located in the _______, and their fibers project into the nucleus accumbens of the striatum.

Question 73

The dopamine neurons are located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and their fibers project into the _______ of the striatum.

Question 74

A region of the brain that provides dopamine to the striatum is the _______.

Question 75

The ventral tegmental area is part of the _______ system.

Question 76

Instrumental behaviors _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) produce change in the environment
B) can be modified by the consequence they produce
C) can occur with or without intention
D) can only occur with intention
E) None of the above

Question 77

According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) the role of the reinforcer is to strengthen or weaken S-R connection
B) instrumental behavior is purposeful
C) rewards provide incentive for behavior
D) habits are mediated by expectancies
E) None of the above

Question 78

According Thorndike's Law of Effect, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) animals acquire an expectancy
B) animals learn an S-R habit
C) the role of the reinforcer is to provide incentive for performance
D) reinforcers strengthen and weaken S-R connections
E) None of the above

Question 79

According to Tolman's cognitive theory, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) animals acquire an expectancy
B) animals learn an S-R habit
C) the role of the reinforcer is to provide incentive for performance
D) the role of the reinforcer is to strengthen or weaken S-R connections
E) None of the above

Question 80

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Tolman believed rewards strengthen S-R connections.
B) Tolman believed that outcomes provide incentives for behavior.
C) Thorndike believed that instrumental behaviors are goal directed.
D) Thorndike believed that instrumental behaviors were mediated by expectancies.
E) Tolman believed that instrumental behaviors are purposeful.