Deck 17: The Hippocampus Index and Episodic Memory

Question 1

Conscious recollection means that you have an awareness of remembering.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Conscious recollection requires intentional initiation of a search to access our episodic memory system.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Our episodic memory system can only be accessed if we intentionally initiate a search.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The episodic memory system must be critically involved in both the storage and retrieval of contextual information.

Question 5

The hippocampus only automatically stores information that pertains to the task at hand.

Question 6

The hippocampus automatically captures information including unintentional, incidental information.

Question 7

Sensory information at the neocortex level is well integrated and not abstract.

Question 8

Sensory information is most abstract and fully integrated at the hippocampus level.

Question 9

Information from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices is projected to the hippocampus.

Question 10

Information from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices is projected to the entorhinal cortex.

Question 11

The subiculum is a part of the medial temporal hippocampal system.

Question 12

The subiculum is the output region of the medial temporal hippocampal system.

Question 13

Pattern completion supported by the hippocampus is only possible because of the return loop in the organization of the neural systems.

Question 14

Pattern completion processes enables similar experiences to be stored as unique memories.

Question 15

Pattern separation processes enables similar experiences to be stored as unique memories.

Question 16

The hippocampus stores the content of experiences.

Question 17

The content of experiences is stored in neocortical regions.

Question 18

The hippocampus provides an index for memory traces in other brain regions.

Question 19

Rodents can acquire a representation of a context that can be activated by a subset of the features that make up the episode.

Question 20

The activation of the entire memory by a subset of the original experience is called pattern separation.

Question 21

The activation of the entire memory by a subset of the original experience is called pattern completion.

Question 22

During memory formation an index is created in the hippocampus that provides a loop back to the neocortical units that store memory.

Question 23

In the context preexposure experiment animals spent more time freezing in the context where they were shocked than they did in the preexposed context.

Question 24

In the context preexposure experiment animals spent more time freezing in the context where they were preexposed than they did in context where they were shocked.

Question 25

A false context fear memory was created by using optogenetic stimulation to activate indexing neurons at the time of retrieval.

Question 26

A false context fear memory was created by using optogenetic stimulation to activate indexing neurons to a previously experienced context at the time of the shock.

Question 27

What are the important properties of the episodic memory system?

Question 28

What are the five steps through which information flows in the neural system that supports the episodic memory systems.

Question 29

Name the structures through which information flows into and out of the hippocampus.

Question 30

What is the relationship between the hippocampus, learning goals, episodic memory system, automatic capture, and incidental information?

Question 31

Provide examples of how episodes with overlapping information are somehow protected from interference by the episodic memory system.

Question 32

Explain the hierarchical structure of the episodic memory system.

Question 33

Why is the neural circuit that supports episodic memory described as having a loop-like structure?

Question 34

Where does the first level of integration occur?

Question 35

Where in the neural circuit does the second level of integration take place?

Question 36

The entorhinal cortex projects to two hippocampal regions. What are they?

Question 37

Define the medial temporal hippocampal (MTH) system.

Question 38

According to index theory, what is the role of the hippocampus during memory formation?

Question 39

According to index theory, what is the role of the hippocampus during memory retrieval.

Question 40

In indexing theory where is the content of the memory stored?

Question 41

Describe pattern completion.

Question 42

What properties of the hippocampus make pattern completion possible?

Question 43

Describe the function of pattern separation. What makes it possible?

Question 44

Identify two problems that make storing memories in the neocortex unfavorable?

Question 45

A normal rat will explore a familiar object presented in a different context as if it were novel, but a rat with damage to the hippocampus treats explored objects as familiar. Explain these results.

Question 46

What is the evidence that rodents can acquire a representation of a context that can be activated by a subset of the features that make up the episode?

Question 47

How was Brian Wiltgen's laboratory able determine that contextual fear conditioning activated neurons throughout the neocortex?

Question 48

The feeling of remembering a retrieved memory trace depends on _______ information.

Question 49

The episodic memory system must be critically involved in both the storage and retrieval of _______ information.

Question 50

From the viewpoint of the episodic system, every episode of our lives is unique, even if it contains _______ information.

Question 51

Information flows to the highest level of integration and then loops back to the _______ areas.

Question 52

Sensory information received by the unimodel associative and polymodal associative areas is not well _______.

Question 53

As information is carried forward to the hippocampus it becomes more _______ and integrated.

Question 54

Information flows into and out of the hippocampus through the _______.

Question 55

The _______ is the output region of the MTH.

Question 56

The _______ sits at the top of a hierarchically organized system.

Question 57

The idea that the hippocampus binds inputs from coactive patterns of neocortical activity is called the _______ theory.

Question 58

In memory retrieval, a subset of the initial input pattern can activate the _______.

Question 59

The idea that a subset of the original input pattern can activate the entire original input pattern is called _______.

Question 60

The context preexposure paradigm allows researchers to study how rodents acquire _______.

Question 61

The control rats in the context preexposure experiment displayed less fear in the context where they were immediately_______ than they did in the context where they had been _______ before being shocked.

Question 62

To create a _______ contextual fear memory, Ramirez used optogenetic stimulation to activate the memory of the preexposed context in a context where the mice were shocked.

Question 63

Wiltgen's laboratory used a genetically engineered mouse that would express _______ when doxycycline was removed from their diet.

Question 64

Wiltgen's laboratory used a neuronal silencer called _______ to inhibit indexing neurons.

Question 65

Which statement(s) do(es) not represent a property of the episodic memory system? (Select all that apply.)

A) It supports conscious recollection.
B) It automatically captures episodic and incidental information
C) It keeps similar episodes separate
D) It supports motor skills and learning
E) None of the above

Question 66

Which statement(s) is/are true about the neural system that support episodic memory? (Select all that apply.)

A) The hippocampus basically receives information from all neocortical regions.
B) The subiculum is the primary output from the hippocampus.
C) The entorhinal cortex projects into the hippocampus and receives information from it.
D) The system features a return loop from the hippocampus back to the sending units.
E) None of the above

Question 67

Which statement(s) is/are false according to indexing theory? (Select all that apply.)

A) Indexing neurons are located in the in the hippocampus.
B) Memory content is stored in the neocortical structure.
C) Overlapping memories create unique indexes in the hippocampus.
D) The index projects back to cortical regions storing content.
E) None of the above

Question 68

The information that is processed through the hippocampus is then projected to _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) subiculum
B) perirhinal cortex
C) parahippocampal cortex
D) neocortical regions
E) None of the above

Question 69

According to indexing theory, _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) the engram consists of cortical neurons activated at the time of the learning experience
B) the engram consists of neurons in the hippocampus activated by the learning experience
C) the engram consists of both cortical and hippocampal neurons
D) there is no content in the index
E) memory retrieval occurs when a subset of the original neocortical pattern activates the index

Question 70

The context preexposure facilitation effect _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) requires pattern completion properties of the hippocampus
B) provides a methodology for studying context memory that depends on the hippocampus
C) can eliminate the immediate shock effect
D) only requires the hippocampus at the time of retrieval
E) can produce a false memory

Question 71

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) simple object recognition requires the hippocampus
B) remembering where an object was experienced requires the hippocampus
C) the context preexposure facilitation effect does not require the hippocampus
D) rodents with damage to the hippocampus explore novel objects more than experienced objects
E) None of the above

Question 72

Optogenetics has revealed that _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) directly activating index neurons with light is possible
B) directly activating indexing neurons can produce false memories
C) inhibiting indexing neurons has no effect on memory retrieval
D) activating indexing neurons in the hippocampus can activate cortical engram neurons
E) None of the above