Deck 10: Memory Formation: Early Stages

Question 1

The formation of a memory trace begins when a behavioral experience activates a neuronal ensemble that represents the experience.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

An important step in the generation of a memory is the release of glutamate onto dendritic spines.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Morris used genetically engineered mice in the first study that investigated the role of NMDA receptors in memory formation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Morris used a pharmacological treatment to study the role of NMDA receptors in memory formation.

Question 5

GluN1 subunits are not required to form functional NMDA receptors.

Question 6

GluN1 subunits are necessary to form functional NMDA receptors.

Question 7

The CA1KO mouse was able to display LTP in the CA1 regions but not in the dentate gyrus.

Question 8

The CA1KO mouse was able to display LTP in the dentate gyrus region but not in the CA1.

Question 9

Memory formation can take place without the contribution of NMDA receptors.

Question 10

Ampakines are neither agonists nor antagonists.

Question 11

Ampakines are an example of a receptor modulator.

Question 12

A behavioral experience that produces a memory is likely to result in more phosphorylated cofilin and more autophosphorylated CaMKII.

Question 13

NMDA receptors are required for both the acquisition and the retrieval of memories.

Question 14

The Doogie mouse was engineered to overexpress GluN2A receptors.

Question 15

The Doogie mouse was engineered to overexpress GluN2B receptors.

Question 16

GluN1-GluN2B to GLuN1-GLuN2A receptors ratio increases during development.

Question 17

GluN1-GluN2A receptor complexes influx more calcium than GluN1-GluN2B receptor complexes.

Question 18

Remembering the plot of a book you read a few months ago is an example of working memory.

Question 19

AMPA receptors are needed only for memory acquisition, but NMDA receptors are required for both acquisition and retrieval.

Question 20

Working memory cannot be studied in animals because they cannot communicate what problems they are trying to solve.

Question 21

An enduring LTP can be established independent of any contribution from GluA1 receptors, but it requires GluA2 AMPA receptors.

Question 22

When glutamate and ampakines both bind to the AMPA receptor, the channel stays open longer.

Question 23

Morris was the first to find a possible role for NMDA receptors in memory formation. What was his essentially methodology?

Question 24

Describe the composition of the NMDA receptor.

Question 25

How did Tonegawa's laboratory discover a role for the GluN1 receptor?

Question 26

Explain why it is possible to induce LTP in the dentate gyrus of the CA1KO mouse, but not in the CA1 region of the brain. How does this affect the mouse's performance in the place-learning task?

Question 27

Why would infant mice display stronger LTP than older mice?

Question 28

Roberto Malinow's laboratory (Rumpel et al., 2006) used two strategies to prove that fear conditioning drives AMPA receptors into amygdala neuron synapses. What were they?

Question 29

In Malinow's AMPA receptor trafficking experiment, what was the difference between the rats in the paired condition and the rats in the unpaired condition?

Question 30

What are ampakines?

Question 31

Is it reasonable to expect that behavioral experiences that produce memories would engage the LIMK signaling pathway? Why?

Question 32

Describe how the radial arm maze can be used to study both working and reference memory.

Question 33

The formation of a _______ begins when a behavioral experience activates a set of weakly connected neurons.

Question 34

Every functional NMDA receptor has _______ subunits.

Question 35

Tonegawa deleted the _______ subunit in _______ cells in the CA1 field of the mouse hippocampus.

Question 36

Richard Morris was the first researcher to directly investigate the role of _______ in memory formation.

Question 37

When _______ subunits dominate, it is easier to induce LTP than when _______ subunits dominate.

Question 38

As the nervous system develops, _______ subunits tend to be replaced by _______ subunits.

Question 39

Malinow's experiments showed that memory for the fear experience, as measured by the rat's _______ response, depends on trafficking AMPA receptors with functional _______ subunits into the membrane.

Question 40

Memory and other forms of complex cognition may be enhanced by a class of drugs called _______, which cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to a site on the _______ receptor.

Question 41

The _______ of _______ may be critical for the rapid formation of a memory, but other processes can compensate for this contribution when multiple training trials occur.

Question 42

Fear conditioning increased the presence of phosphorylated CaMKII in dendritic spines. This result means that the conditioning experience _______ this _______.

Question 43

In the radial arm maze methodology, if a rat revisits an arm, it is making an error of _______ memory.

Question 44

In the radial arm maze methodology, if a rat revisits an arm that was never baited, it is making an error of _______ memory.

Question 45

If the GluA1 is deleted, reference memory in the radial maze will be _______.

Question 46

The Doogie mouse is genetically engineered to overexpress _______ subunits.

Question 47

To influence NMDA function, Morris _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) used a pharmacological approach
B) infused APV into the brain
C) implanted a cannula into a cerebral ventricle
D) tested rats in the space-learning swim task
E) None of the above

Question 48

Which statement(s) about NMDA receptors is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) NMDA receptors are activated by calcium.
B) NMDA receptor channels allow CaMKII to enter the cell.
C) NMDA receptors composed of the NR1/NR2A subunits remain open longer than those composed of NR1/NR2B subunits.
D) Early in development, the ratio of NR1/NR2B to NR1/NR2A containing NMDA receptors favors the NR1/NR2A complex.
E) None of the above

Question 49

Which statement(s) about the CA1KO mouse is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) GluN1 subunits are absent in the dentate gyrus.
B) GluN1 subunits are absent in the CA1 region.
C) LTP cannot be induced in CA1 in slices.
D) LTP cannot be induced in the dentate gyrus.
E) None of the above

Question 50

Which statement(s) about LTP is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) AMPA receptors are important in both the induction and expression of LTP.
B) NMDA receptors are important in both the induction and expression of LTP.
C) AMPA receptors are important in the induction, but not the expression, of LTP.
D) NMDA receptors are important in the induction, but not the expression, of LTP.
E) None of the above

Question 51

GluA1 KO mice _______. (Select all that apply.)

A) display short-lasting LTP.
B) display long-lasting LTP.
C) have impaired working memory.
D) have impaired reference memory.
E) None of the above

Question 52

Which strategy/strategies did Malinow's laboratory use to investigate the role of AMPA receptors in memory formation? (Select all that apply.)

A) They used the AMPA receptor inhibitor CNQX.
B) They prevented calcium from entering NMDA receptors.
C) They used a virus to delivery dummy AMPA receptors to the amygdala.
D) They used a virus to deliver artificial AMPA receptors to the amygdala.
E) They used a fear conditioning procedure.

Question 53

Which support(s) the hypothesis that CaMKII is important for memory formation? (Select all that apply.)

A) Inhibiting NMDA receptors prevent acquisition.
B) Genetically deleting CaMKII prevents acquisition.
C) Preventing autophosphorylation of CaMKII interferes with one trial learning.
D) Fear condition was used to study memory.
E) None of the above

Question 54

Which statement(s) is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Reference memory and working memory both require glutamate receptor activation.
B) Reference memory but not working memory requires rapid insertion of GluA1 AMPA receptors into the PSD.
C) Working memory but not reference memory requires rapid insertion of GluA2 AMPA receptors into the PSD.
D) Working memory but not reference memory requires NMDA receptors.
E) None of the above