Deck 10: Developing an Ability to See the World

Question 1

The eye transduces the physical energy of light into:

A)Metabolites
B)Neural code
C)Carbon dioxide
D)Motor commands
E)Psychic energy

Answer 1

Neural code

Question 2

A size constancy mechanism helps us to:

A)Judge the weight of differently sized objects
B)Avoid putting on weight even after eating large numbers of hamburgers
C)Appreciate that an object retains its shape even though its shape looks different from different vantage points
D)Appreciate that an object's changing appearance as it recedes into the distance is illusory
E)Feel empathy for people who are obese

Answer 2

Appreciate that an object's changing appearance as it recedes into the distance is illusory

Question 3

The information projected to each eye is slightly different, and this gives a clue to distance known as:

A)Perspective cues
B)Binocular vision
C)Motion parallax
D)Texture gradient
E)Binocular parallax

Answer 3

Binocular parallax

Question 4

"Motion parallax" refers to:

A)Two objects moving in parallel
B)The fact that the information projected to each eye is slightly different and this gives a clue to distance
C)Travel sickness
D)The difference in relative movement of objects that are near and far
E)A movie company based in Hollywood

Question 5

Who famously said that the newborn's world is a "blooming, buzzing confusion"?

A)Chomsky
B)Skinner
C)Piaget
D)Freud
E)James

Question 6

Gibson and Walk's (1960) visual cliff was reputedly inspired by:

A)The Grand Canyon
B)Fantz
C)Freud
D)Pavlov
E)Watching TV

Question 7

The aim in developing the visual cliff was to investigate whether babies:

A)Can crawl
B)Fall off a precipice
C)Are reluctant to venture onto the deep side
D)Read encouraging or anxious expressions from the face of their mother
E)Become clingy in an unfamiliar environment

Question 8

By what mechanism do babies perceive depth, according to Gibson and Walk?

A)Motion parallax
B)Binocular parallax
C)Texture gradient
D)Size constancy
E)Perspective cues

Question 9

Is perception of depth in the visual cliff related to the baby's ability to move under her own volition?

A)Only if the baby wears an eye patch
B)Yes, according to Gibson and Walk (1960)
C)No
D)Further evidence is needed before any conclusion can be drawn
E)Yes, according to Campos, Bertenthal, and Kermoian (1992)

Question 10

The main finding of Bower's (1965) study was that babies:

A)Became bored when the same object was presented repeatedly
B)Sucked on a pacifier
C)Discriminated between different patterns on an object
D)Seemed to recognize the same cube presented at different distances
E)Responded to a "peekaboo"

Question 11

Slater, Mattock, and Brown (1990) investigated newborns' abilities to perceive depth with a:

A)Preferential looking paradigm
B)Tape measure
C)Non-nutritive sucking procedure
D)Visual illusion
E)Variable reinforcement schedule

Question 12

Bower, Broughton, and Moore (1970) found that infants ______ when an object rapidly approaches.

A)React defensively
B)Cry
C)Scream
D)Call out for their mother
E)Smile

Question 13

Kellman and Spelke (1983) investigated infants':

A)Perception of angles
B)Susceptibility to visual illusions
C)Fear of strangers
D)Interpretation of figure and ground
E)Preference for looking at faces

Question 14

In the testing phase of Kellman and Spelke's (1983) study, infants preferred looking at:

A)The experimenter
B)A bar without a break in the middle
C)The foreground
D)The background
E)A bar with a break in the middle

Question 15

Slater et al. (1991) principally demonstrated that neonates:

A)Can discriminate figure from ground
B)Have good memory for angles
C)Can perceive the world in 3-D
D)Prefer to look at novel stimuli
E)Sleep most of the time

Question 16

Fantz (1961) found that infants prefer to look at:

A)Their mother rather than a woman they have never seen before
B)The mouth rather than the eyes
C)The eyes rather than the mouth
D)Simple rather than complex designs
E)A schematic face rather than a stimulus with jumbled features

Question 17

The preferential looking paradigm is premised on the assumption that babies prefer to look at:

A)Novel things
B)Familiar things
C)Their mother
D)The TV
E)The world as a three-dimensional place

Question 18

Findings reported by Carpenter (1975) suggest that babies prefer to look at their mother rather than at a stranger from about the age of:

A)2 weeks
B)6 weeks
C)2 months
D)3 months
E)6 months

Question 19

Fogel and Melson (1988) used ______ to demonstrate that babies prefer to look at people's eyes.

A)Habituation
B)The preferential looking paradigm
C)Eye-tracking technology
D)A surprise response
E)Separation anxiety

Question 20

Meltzoff and Moore (1983) demonstrated ______ in 3-month-old infants.

A)Anxiety
B)Preferential looking
C)Imitation
D)Fear of strangers
E)3-D perception

Question 21

According to Gregory (1966), susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion results from:

A)Hard wiring of the visual system
B)Genetic inheritance
C)Our experience of living in a carpentered environment
D)Visual affordances
E)Motivational factors

Question 22

The study by Thouless (1932) suggested that:

A)Babies have a shape constancy mechanism
B)Adults make systematic errors when drawing a picture of a dinner plate
C)Babies have a size constancy mechanism
D)Babies live in a carpentered environment
E)Adults can see right through the purpose of the experiment

Question 23

Taylor and Mitchell (1997) investigated why adults systematically exaggerated circularity and concluded that it was because:

A)They guessed the hypothesis
B)Of ambient perspective cues
C)The participants knew that the stimulus was circular
D)They wanted to complete the task as quickly as possible
E)They misunderstood the instructions

Question 24

Ropar and Mitchell (2002) found that individuals with autism:

A)Are less susceptible to visual illusions than are comparison participants, but only if they respond verbally and not if they respond by adjusting the shape of a stimulus on a computer screen
B)Have a perceptual process that seems to be less influenced by knowledge than is the case in comparison participants
C)Tend to have poor visual acuity
D)Generally do not live in a carpentered environment
E)Are amazing at drawing detailed scenes from memory