Deck 10: Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

ملء الشاشة (f)
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سؤال
Which of the following statements best describes firms that successfully convince consumers that their products are somehow different?

A) They have the ability to set price decreases because demand becomes more elastic.
B) They have the ability to set price increases because demand becomes less elastic.
C) They are able to practice price discrimination.
D) They are able to maintain profits into the long run due to barriers to entry.
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سؤال
Burger King charbroils their burgers and Wendy's makes their burgers with square patties. The price of the two burgers is NOT the same. What is this an example of?

A) price discrimination
B) product differentiation
C) barriers to entry
D) patent protection
سؤال
What can we expect will result when a firm in a monopolistically competitive industry increases its price by a small amount?

A) Their revenues will rise since differentiation makes demand inelastic.
B) Other firms in the industry are unlikely to react.
C) Their sales will fall dramatically since their demand curve is almost perfectly elastic.
D) Other firms in the industry will likely do the same thing.
سؤال
Which of the following is NOT a source of product differentiation?

A) physical differences in products
B) differences in service provided by firms
C) differences in location of sales outlets
D) differences in quantities that firms offer for sale
سؤال
Under what circumstances will a profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive industry shutdown in the short run?

A) if accounting profits are negative
B) if there are no barriers to exit
C) if economic losses from production exceed total fixed costs
D) if economic profits are negative
سؤال
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of monopolistic competition?

A) many sellers
B) product differentiation
C) free entry
D) economies of scale
سؤال
Car rentals at airport kiosks are typically more expensive than car rentals in downtown areas. What is this an example of?

A) higher marginal costs
B) location discrimination
C) price discrimination
D) higher average costs
سؤال
In what way is monopolistic competition like perfect competition?

A) They both lack barriers to entry.
B) They both face downward-sloping demand curves.
C) They both face perfectly elastic demand curves.
D) They both have homogeneous products.
سؤال
Which of the following is a similarity between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?

A) Both expect zero economic profits in the long run.
B) Both experience increasing returns to scale for a significant range of output.
C) Both charge a price in excess of marginal cost.
D) Both have differentiated products.
سؤال
Which of the following is a similarity between monopolistic competition and monopoly?

A) Both can expect positive long-run economic profits.
B) Both have perfectly elastic demand curves.
C) Both charge a price in excess of marginal cost.
D) Both are protected by a barrier to entry.
سؤال
Each firm in a monopolistically competitive industry sells a slightly differentiated product. What does this tell us about each firm's demand curve?

A) It will be perfectly elastic.
B) It will be perfectly inelastic.
C) It will be relatively elastic.
D) It will be relatively inelastic.
سؤال
A firm in a monopolistically competitive industry is currently producing where marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost. What does this information tell us about the firm?

A) It is producing too much.
B) It is operating at a loss.
C) It is not maximizing profits.
D) It is not minimizing costs.
سؤال
Your local corner store charges more for a four-litre jug of milk than the local Walmart. What is this an example of?

A) price discrimination
B) predatory pricing
C) decreasing returns to scale
D) location differentiation
سؤال
Why do firms in monopolistically competitive industries have some degree of market power?

A) as a result of barriers to entry
B) as a result of economies of scale
C) as a result of specialization and division of labour
D) as a result of product differentiation
سؤال
What is the term for a market structure where many producers of somewhat different products compete with each other?

A) monopolistic competition
B) monopoly
C) oligopoly
D) perfect competition
سؤال
Under what circumstances will a profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive industry shutdown in the short run?

A) if total revenue is less than total variable cost
B) if average revenue is less than average total cost
C) if average revenue is less than average variable cost
D) if marginal revenue is less than average variable cost
سؤال
How do firms in monopolistically competitive industries maximize profits?

A) by producing at a level where marginal cost equals marginal revenue
B) by producing at a level where average variable cost equals average revenue
C) by producing at a level where average total cost equals average revenue
D) by producing at a level where average variable cost equals marginal cost
سؤال
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?</strong> A) FGAB B) OFBD C) OECD D) OGAD <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?

A) FGAB
B) OFBD
C) OECD
D) OGAD
سؤال
In what way is monopolistic competition like monopoly?

A) They are both protected by a barrier to entry.
B) They are both comprised of many sellers.
C) They both have unique products.
D) They are both price searchers.
سؤال
In what way is monopolistic competition like perfect competition?

A) They both produce homogeneous products.
B) They both earn positive profits in the long run.
C) They both earn zero profits in the long run.
D) They both produce differentiated products.
سؤال
Which of the following is a similarity between monopolistic competition and monopoly?

A) Both produce unique products.
B) Both produce at the socially optimal output level.
C) Neither of them face elastic demand curves.
D) Both produce at an output level that is less than the minimum average total cost.
سؤال
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total fixed cost equal to?</strong> A) FGAB B) OFBD C) OECD D) EFBC <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total fixed cost equal to?

A) FGAB
B) OFBD
C) OECD
D) EFBC
سؤال
When monopolistically competitive firms advertise, what are they attempting to do?

A) increase demand and elasticity of demand
B) capture increasing returns to scale
C) increase demand and reduce elasticity of demand
D) create barriers to entry
سؤال
What is the deadweight loss of monopolistic competition offset, in part, by?

A) research and development spending
B) product differentiation
C) productive efficiency
D) allocative efficiency
سؤال
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?</strong> A) New firms enter the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output. B) New firms want to enter the market but cannot since there are barriers to entry in monopolistic competition. C) The market supply curve shifts right, reducing the equilibrium market price. D) New firms enter the industry and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?

A) New firms enter the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output.
B) New firms want to enter the market but cannot since there are barriers to entry in monopolistic competition.
C) The market supply curve shifts right, reducing the equilibrium market price.
D) New firms enter the industry and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic.
سؤال
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?</strong> A) OFBD - OGAD B) OGAD - OFBD C) OFBD D) FGAB <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?

A) OFBD - OGAD
B) OGAD - OFBD
C) OFBD
D) FGAB
سؤال
When does excess capacity in an industry occur?

A) when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded
B) when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied
C) when economic profits are negative
D) when production occurs to the left of minimum average total cost
سؤال
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total cost equal to?</strong> A) OECD B) OGAD C) EGAC D) FGAB <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total cost equal to?

A) OECD
B) OGAD
C) EGAC
D) FGAB
سؤال
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following statements best describes this firm?</strong> A) The firm is operating at the profit maximizing price and output and is making an economic loss. B) The firm is operating at a loss and should decrease its price and increase output. C) The firm is operating at a loss and should increase its price and reduce its output. D) The firm is incurring an economic loss and should shutdown. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following statements best describes this firm?

A) The firm is operating at the profit maximizing price and output and is making an economic loss.
B) The firm is operating at a loss and should decrease its price and increase output.
C) The firm is operating at a loss and should increase its price and reduce its output.
D) The firm is incurring an economic loss and should shutdown.
سؤال
What would regulating monopolistically competitive firms to set price equal to marginal cost result in?

A) firms shutting down since price would be less than AVC
B) firms exiting the industry since price would be less than the long run AC
C) an increase in MC as firms try to comply with the new regulations
D) few firms entering the industry since price would be greater than AC
سؤال
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?</strong> A) New firms enter the industry, and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic. B) Existing firms exit the industry, and the demand curves for the remaining firms shift right, increasing prices. C) Some firms exit the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output. D) The market supply curve shifts left, increasing the equilibrium market price. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?

A) New firms enter the industry, and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic.
B) Existing firms exit the industry, and the demand curves for the remaining firms shift right, increasing prices.
C) Some firms exit the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output.
D) The market supply curve shifts left, increasing the equilibrium market price.
سؤال
What is monopolistic competition characterized by?

A) too few firms, each producing too much
B) too many firms, each producing too much
C) too few firms, each producing too little
D) too many firms, each producing too little
سؤال
What is the biggest difference between monopoly and monopolistic competition?

A) Monopolistic competitors charge a price in excess of marginal cost.
B) Monopolists can differentiate their products.
C) Monopolistic competitors face a more elastic demand curve than monopolists.
D) Monopoly faces a downward-sloping demand curve.
سؤال
FIGURE 10-3
<strong>FIGURE 10-3   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. How much are total losses for this firm?</strong> A) OFBD B) EGAC C) 0 D) FGAB <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. How much are total losses for this firm?

A) OFBD
B) EGAC
C) 0
D) FGAB
سؤال
FIGURE 10-3
<strong>FIGURE 10-3   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?</strong> A) OGAD B) 0 C) OFBD D) OECD <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?

A) OGAD
B) 0
C) OFBD
D) OECD
سؤال
In the long run, what do monopolistically competitive firms achieve?

A) neither allocative or productive efficiency
B) allocative, but not productive efficiency
C) productive, but not allocative efficiency
D) both allocative and productive efficiency
سؤال
What is the deadweight loss of monopolistic competition a result of?

A) barriers to entry
B) productive inefficiency
C) inelastic product demand
D) allocative inefficiency
سؤال
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?</strong> A) FGAB B) OECD C) EFBC D) OFBD <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?

A) FGAB
B) OECD
C) EFBC
D) OFBD
سؤال
What will be the result of a successful advertising campaign?

A) There will be an increase in the elasticity of demand.
B) Quantity demanded will be less sensitive to changes in price.
C) There will be an increase in average costs and a reduction in profits.
D) There will be a decrease in the total fixed costs and in increase in profits.
سؤال
What is the biggest difference between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?

A) Perfect competitors can differentiate their products.
B) Monopolistic competitors have some influence over price.
C) Accounting costs and economic costs are the same for perfect competitors.
D) Monopolistic competitors are protected by barriers to entry.
سؤال
What is it referred to when two firms collude to improve their profit maximizations?

A) a cooperative game
B) a strategic game
C) an interdependent policy
D) a defensive policy
سؤال
What does a payoff matrix illustrate?

A) A tit-for-tat strategy in repeated games.
B) The possible outcomes of various strategies in game theory.
C) The most efficient production level in noncooperative games.
D) The optimal profit maximization strategy in Nash equilibrium.
سؤال
What is a similarity between oligopolists and monopolists?

A) Both set price equal to marginal cost.
B) Both produce a unique product.
C) Economies of scale provide a barrier to entry for both.
D) Allocative efficiency is achieved by both.
سؤال
What is game theory?

A) Firms try to maximize their profits by acting in ways to minimize damage from competitors.
B) Firms attempt to capture competitors markets by developing slightly differentiated products
C) Firms try to gain market shares through predatory pricing.
D) Firms attempt to maximize market share through strategic advertising and product placement.
سؤال
What is a difference between oligopoly and monopolistic competition?

A) Oligopolists consider the actions and reactions of their competitors.
B) Oligopolists only compete with monopolists.
C) Monopolistic competitors act like monopolies and oligopolists don't.
D) Monopolistic competitors can make long-run profits.
سؤال
What is the prisoner's dilemma?

A) the game that demonstrates the basic problem that noncolluding oligopolists face
B) a theory on how the monopolist charges prices above the market equilibrium
C) the competition that can occur among firms in monopolistic competition
D) a theory about why firms break the law by colluding
سؤال
When economists use game theory to analyze the strategic behaviour of firms, which of the following do they take into account?

A) the price-taking behaviours of oligopolists
B) the allocative efficiency of their rivals
C) the price-making behaviours of perfectly competitive markets
D) the expected behaviours of rival firms because of the interdependence in the market
سؤال
What is the optimal action that a player can take, regardless of their opponents actions, referred to as?

A) a Nash strategy
B) a payoff strategy
C) a cooperative strategy
D) a dominant strategy
سؤال
Under what circumstances might advertising lead to a reduction in prices?

A) if marginal revenue increases faster than marginal costs
B) if it leads to increased awareness of substitutes and increased elasticity
C) if increased production leads to lower average costs
D) if it leads to increased differentiation and decreased elasticity
سؤال
What is a dominant strategy?

A) the strategy that results from collusion in an industry
B) the strategy that results in the best outcome for all firms in an industry
C) the optimal strategy that takes into account the actions of opponents
D) the strategy that is optimal regardless of the actions of other firms
سؤال
What will firms that allocate funds to advertising most likely experience?

A) an increase in elasticity
B) an increase in marginal costs
C) an increase in average variable costs
D) an increase in marginal revenue
سؤال
What is a noncooperative game?

A) when each firm sets its own price without consulting other firms
B) when all firms set output levels that drive up market prices
C) when two firms collude to improve their profit maximizations
D) when each firm differentiates its product in the market through strategic advertising
سؤال
Why do oligopolists tend to change their price less frequently than perfect competitors?

A) because their demand curves are inelastic
B) because they often are subject to government price controls
C) because they are uncertain as to how their competitors will react
D) because the demand curve for their product is not as volatile
سؤال
What is a tool that allows economists to analyze the strategic behaviour of firms in a market?

A) network externalities
B) payoff strategies
C) monopolistic equilibrium
D) game theory
سؤال
What do the concepts of interdependence and game theory illustrate about how firms that compete in oligopoly markets price their products?

A) They set a price in the market and do not change it.
B) They consider the actions of their rivals before changing the price of their products.
C) They ignore the actions of their rivals when considering price changes.
D) They engage in frequent price changes.
سؤال
What is the objective of a cartel?

A) joint profit maximization
B) productive efficiency
C) allocative efficiency
D) individual profit maximization
سؤال
Under what circumstances might advertising benefit society?

A) if it provides information
B) if it decreases the deadweight loss from underallocation of resources
C) if it increases productive efficiency
D) if it increases allocative efficiency
سؤال
Under what circumstance might advertising lead to a reduction in the average cost of production?

A) If there are significant increasing returns to scale in production.
B) If demand was fairly elastic before the advertising.
C) If marginal cost falls as a result of decreased production.
D) If demand increases and there are constant returns to scale.
سؤال
What are oligopolists said to be doing when they determine price and output decisions jointly?

A) corroborating
B) combining
C) coexisting
D) colluding
سؤال
What is the term for an industry characterized by relatively few firms controlling most of the production and sale of a product or service?

A) oligopoly
B) perfect competition
C) monopolistic competition
D) oligarchy
سؤال
When does a network externality exist?

A) when advertising has an impact on the number of people purchasing a good.
B) when a change in the price of a good influences the quantity demanded.
C) when the number of people purchasing a good impacts the supply curve
D) when the number of people purchasing a good influences quantity demanded
سؤال
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-5
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-5   Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the Nash equilibrium?</strong> A) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise. C) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the Nash equilibrium?

A) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
C) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
سؤال
What is a tit-for-tat strategy?

A) a strategy used in repeated games where one player follows the other players move in the previous round
B) a strategy in one-shot games where two players will collude to the detriment of other firms in the industry
C) a strategy in a one-shot game where self-interest prevents cooperative behaviour and leads to an inferior joint outcome
D) a strategy used in repeated games where players work together to plan what moves each will make in each round
سؤال
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-4
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-4   Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the Nash equilibrium?</strong> A) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price. B) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price. C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price. D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the Nash equilibrium?

A) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
B) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
سؤال
Monopolistically competitive firms are capable of earning long-run profits due to product differentiation.
سؤال
What is the bandwagon effect?

A) a positive network externality where a consumer's demand for a product increases because no one else has it
B) a negative network externality where a consumer's demand for a product decreases because too many people own it
C) a negative network externality where a consumer's demand for a product decreases because of the "snob effect"
D) a positive network externality where a consumer's demand for a product increases because others own it
سؤال
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-4
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-4   Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the cooperative outcome?</strong> A) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price. B) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price. C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price. D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the cooperative outcome?

A) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
B) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
سؤال
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-4
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-4   Referring to Figure 10-4, what can be said about dominant strategies?</strong> A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy. B) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy. C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy. D) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Referring to Figure 10-4, what can be said about dominant strategies?

A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy.
B) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy.
C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy.
D) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy.
سؤال
When is a tit-for-tat strategy used?

A) in one-shot games
B) in dominant games
C) in collusive games
D) in repeated games
سؤال
A monopolistically competitive firm will maximize profits by producing at the point where MC = MR and charging a price higher than AVC.
سؤال
What action must each game player take at Nash equilibrium?

A) the best possible action given the action of the other player
B) the most unpredictable action that will surprise the other player
C) the most mutually beneficial action for both players
D) the best possible action regardless of the action of the other player
سؤال
Location, prestige, and service are all sources of product differentiation.
سؤال
The theory of monopolistic competition is based on product differentiation.
سؤال
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-5
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-5   Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the cooperative outcome?</strong> A) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. C) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise. D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the cooperative outcome?

A) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
C) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
سؤال
What type of costs are involved when a consumer or firm must spend money in order to change from one product to another brand or change suppliers?

A) exchange costs
B) external costs
C) substitution costs
D) switching costs
سؤال
When people buy a certain brand of clothing because it is very fashionable and lots of other people are buying it. What is this an example of?

A) a bandwagon effect
B) a beneficial externality
C) a tit-for-tat strategy
D) a switching cost
سؤال
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-5
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-5   Referring to Figure 10-5, what can be said about dominant strategies?</strong> A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy. B) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy. C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy. D) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Referring to Figure 10-5, what can be said about dominant strategies?

A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy.
B) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy.
C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy.
D) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy.
سؤال
How is the prisoner's dilemma similar to the problem faced by firms in an oligopoly in Canada?

A) Although they are interdependent, firms cannot legally communicate on pricing decisions because collusion is illegal in Canada
B) Firms are dependant and can communicate their pricing decisions with one another because collusion is legal in Canada
C) Firms are independent so cooperation in pricing is standard in Canada.
D) Firms are interdependent so failure to cooperate always leads to better outcomes than cooperation in Canada
سؤال
When a consumer wants to own a unique good because "no one else has it," what is this an example of?

A) switching costs, which are negative externalities
B) the snob effect, which is a negative externality
C) network benefits, which are positive externalities
D) the bandwagon effect, which is a positive externality
سؤال
What is Nash equilibrium?

A) the outcome that results when each player chooses the best strategy given the strategies of the other player
B) the outcome that results when each player chooses their dominant strategy regardless of the strategies of the other player
C) the outcome that results when players use tit-for-tat- strategies
D) the outcome that results when players collude on strategies
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Deck 10: Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
1
Which of the following statements best describes firms that successfully convince consumers that their products are somehow different?

A) They have the ability to set price decreases because demand becomes more elastic.
B) They have the ability to set price increases because demand becomes less elastic.
C) They are able to practice price discrimination.
D) They are able to maintain profits into the long run due to barriers to entry.
They have the ability to set price increases because demand becomes less elastic.
2
Burger King charbroils their burgers and Wendy's makes their burgers with square patties. The price of the two burgers is NOT the same. What is this an example of?

A) price discrimination
B) product differentiation
C) barriers to entry
D) patent protection
product differentiation
3
What can we expect will result when a firm in a monopolistically competitive industry increases its price by a small amount?

A) Their revenues will rise since differentiation makes demand inelastic.
B) Other firms in the industry are unlikely to react.
C) Their sales will fall dramatically since their demand curve is almost perfectly elastic.
D) Other firms in the industry will likely do the same thing.
Other firms in the industry are unlikely to react.
4
Which of the following is NOT a source of product differentiation?

A) physical differences in products
B) differences in service provided by firms
C) differences in location of sales outlets
D) differences in quantities that firms offer for sale
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5
Under what circumstances will a profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive industry shutdown in the short run?

A) if accounting profits are negative
B) if there are no barriers to exit
C) if economic losses from production exceed total fixed costs
D) if economic profits are negative
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6
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of monopolistic competition?

A) many sellers
B) product differentiation
C) free entry
D) economies of scale
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7
Car rentals at airport kiosks are typically more expensive than car rentals in downtown areas. What is this an example of?

A) higher marginal costs
B) location discrimination
C) price discrimination
D) higher average costs
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8
In what way is monopolistic competition like perfect competition?

A) They both lack barriers to entry.
B) They both face downward-sloping demand curves.
C) They both face perfectly elastic demand curves.
D) They both have homogeneous products.
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9
Which of the following is a similarity between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?

A) Both expect zero economic profits in the long run.
B) Both experience increasing returns to scale for a significant range of output.
C) Both charge a price in excess of marginal cost.
D) Both have differentiated products.
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10
Which of the following is a similarity between monopolistic competition and monopoly?

A) Both can expect positive long-run economic profits.
B) Both have perfectly elastic demand curves.
C) Both charge a price in excess of marginal cost.
D) Both are protected by a barrier to entry.
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11
Each firm in a monopolistically competitive industry sells a slightly differentiated product. What does this tell us about each firm's demand curve?

A) It will be perfectly elastic.
B) It will be perfectly inelastic.
C) It will be relatively elastic.
D) It will be relatively inelastic.
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12
A firm in a monopolistically competitive industry is currently producing where marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost. What does this information tell us about the firm?

A) It is producing too much.
B) It is operating at a loss.
C) It is not maximizing profits.
D) It is not minimizing costs.
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13
Your local corner store charges more for a four-litre jug of milk than the local Walmart. What is this an example of?

A) price discrimination
B) predatory pricing
C) decreasing returns to scale
D) location differentiation
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14
Why do firms in monopolistically competitive industries have some degree of market power?

A) as a result of barriers to entry
B) as a result of economies of scale
C) as a result of specialization and division of labour
D) as a result of product differentiation
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15
What is the term for a market structure where many producers of somewhat different products compete with each other?

A) monopolistic competition
B) monopoly
C) oligopoly
D) perfect competition
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16
Under what circumstances will a profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive industry shutdown in the short run?

A) if total revenue is less than total variable cost
B) if average revenue is less than average total cost
C) if average revenue is less than average variable cost
D) if marginal revenue is less than average variable cost
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17
How do firms in monopolistically competitive industries maximize profits?

A) by producing at a level where marginal cost equals marginal revenue
B) by producing at a level where average variable cost equals average revenue
C) by producing at a level where average total cost equals average revenue
D) by producing at a level where average variable cost equals marginal cost
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18
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?</strong> A) FGAB B) OFBD C) OECD D) OGAD
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?

A) FGAB
B) OFBD
C) OECD
D) OGAD
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19
In what way is monopolistic competition like monopoly?

A) They are both protected by a barrier to entry.
B) They are both comprised of many sellers.
C) They both have unique products.
D) They are both price searchers.
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20
In what way is monopolistic competition like perfect competition?

A) They both produce homogeneous products.
B) They both earn positive profits in the long run.
C) They both earn zero profits in the long run.
D) They both produce differentiated products.
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21
Which of the following is a similarity between monopolistic competition and monopoly?

A) Both produce unique products.
B) Both produce at the socially optimal output level.
C) Neither of them face elastic demand curves.
D) Both produce at an output level that is less than the minimum average total cost.
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22
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total fixed cost equal to?</strong> A) FGAB B) OFBD C) OECD D) EFBC
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total fixed cost equal to?

A) FGAB
B) OFBD
C) OECD
D) EFBC
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23
When monopolistically competitive firms advertise, what are they attempting to do?

A) increase demand and elasticity of demand
B) capture increasing returns to scale
C) increase demand and reduce elasticity of demand
D) create barriers to entry
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24
What is the deadweight loss of monopolistic competition offset, in part, by?

A) research and development spending
B) product differentiation
C) productive efficiency
D) allocative efficiency
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25
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?</strong> A) New firms enter the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output. B) New firms want to enter the market but cannot since there are barriers to entry in monopolistic competition. C) The market supply curve shifts right, reducing the equilibrium market price. D) New firms enter the industry and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic.
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?

A) New firms enter the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output.
B) New firms want to enter the market but cannot since there are barriers to entry in monopolistic competition.
C) The market supply curve shifts right, reducing the equilibrium market price.
D) New firms enter the industry and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic.
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26
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?</strong> A) OFBD - OGAD B) OGAD - OFBD C) OFBD D) FGAB
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?

A) OFBD - OGAD
B) OGAD - OFBD
C) OFBD
D) FGAB
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27
When does excess capacity in an industry occur?

A) when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded
B) when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied
C) when economic profits are negative
D) when production occurs to the left of minimum average total cost
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28
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total cost equal to?</strong> A) OECD B) OGAD C) EGAC D) FGAB
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total cost equal to?

A) OECD
B) OGAD
C) EGAC
D) FGAB
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29
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following statements best describes this firm?</strong> A) The firm is operating at the profit maximizing price and output and is making an economic loss. B) The firm is operating at a loss and should decrease its price and increase output. C) The firm is operating at a loss and should increase its price and reduce its output. D) The firm is incurring an economic loss and should shutdown.
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following statements best describes this firm?

A) The firm is operating at the profit maximizing price and output and is making an economic loss.
B) The firm is operating at a loss and should decrease its price and increase output.
C) The firm is operating at a loss and should increase its price and reduce its output.
D) The firm is incurring an economic loss and should shutdown.
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30
What would regulating monopolistically competitive firms to set price equal to marginal cost result in?

A) firms shutting down since price would be less than AVC
B) firms exiting the industry since price would be less than the long run AC
C) an increase in MC as firms try to comply with the new regulations
D) few firms entering the industry since price would be greater than AC
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31
FIGURE 10-2
<strong>FIGURE 10-2   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?</strong> A) New firms enter the industry, and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic. B) Existing firms exit the industry, and the demand curves for the remaining firms shift right, increasing prices. C) Some firms exit the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output. D) The market supply curve shifts left, increasing the equilibrium market price.
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-2 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. Which of the following best explains what happens in the long run?

A) New firms enter the industry, and the firm's demand curve shifts left and becomes more elastic.
B) Existing firms exit the industry, and the demand curves for the remaining firms shift right, increasing prices.
C) Some firms exit the industry and the firm's marginal cost curve shifts up, which leads to a decrease in the firm's output.
D) The market supply curve shifts left, increasing the equilibrium market price.
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32
What is monopolistic competition characterized by?

A) too few firms, each producing too much
B) too many firms, each producing too much
C) too few firms, each producing too little
D) too many firms, each producing too little
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33
What is the biggest difference between monopoly and monopolistic competition?

A) Monopolistic competitors charge a price in excess of marginal cost.
B) Monopolists can differentiate their products.
C) Monopolistic competitors face a more elastic demand curve than monopolists.
D) Monopoly faces a downward-sloping demand curve.
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34
FIGURE 10-3
<strong>FIGURE 10-3   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. How much are total losses for this firm?</strong> A) OFBD B) EGAC C) 0 D) FGAB
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. How much are total losses for this firm?

A) OFBD
B) EGAC
C) 0
D) FGAB
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35
FIGURE 10-3
<strong>FIGURE 10-3   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?</strong> A) OGAD B) 0 C) OFBD D) OECD
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated Figure 10-3 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total revenue equal to?

A) OGAD
B) 0
C) OFBD
D) OECD
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36
In the long run, what do monopolistically competitive firms achieve?

A) neither allocative or productive efficiency
B) allocative, but not productive efficiency
C) productive, but not allocative efficiency
D) both allocative and productive efficiency
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37
What is the deadweight loss of monopolistic competition a result of?

A) barriers to entry
B) productive inefficiency
C) inelastic product demand
D) allocative inefficiency
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38
FIGURE 10-1
<strong>FIGURE 10-1   The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?</strong> A) FGAB B) OECD C) EFBC D) OFBD
The profit-maximizing firm illustrated in Figure 10-1 operates in a monopolistically competitive industry. What is this firm's total profit equal to?

A) FGAB
B) OECD
C) EFBC
D) OFBD
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39
What will be the result of a successful advertising campaign?

A) There will be an increase in the elasticity of demand.
B) Quantity demanded will be less sensitive to changes in price.
C) There will be an increase in average costs and a reduction in profits.
D) There will be a decrease in the total fixed costs and in increase in profits.
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40
What is the biggest difference between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?

A) Perfect competitors can differentiate their products.
B) Monopolistic competitors have some influence over price.
C) Accounting costs and economic costs are the same for perfect competitors.
D) Monopolistic competitors are protected by barriers to entry.
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41
What is it referred to when two firms collude to improve their profit maximizations?

A) a cooperative game
B) a strategic game
C) an interdependent policy
D) a defensive policy
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42
What does a payoff matrix illustrate?

A) A tit-for-tat strategy in repeated games.
B) The possible outcomes of various strategies in game theory.
C) The most efficient production level in noncooperative games.
D) The optimal profit maximization strategy in Nash equilibrium.
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43
What is a similarity between oligopolists and monopolists?

A) Both set price equal to marginal cost.
B) Both produce a unique product.
C) Economies of scale provide a barrier to entry for both.
D) Allocative efficiency is achieved by both.
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44
What is game theory?

A) Firms try to maximize their profits by acting in ways to minimize damage from competitors.
B) Firms attempt to capture competitors markets by developing slightly differentiated products
C) Firms try to gain market shares through predatory pricing.
D) Firms attempt to maximize market share through strategic advertising and product placement.
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45
What is a difference between oligopoly and monopolistic competition?

A) Oligopolists consider the actions and reactions of their competitors.
B) Oligopolists only compete with monopolists.
C) Monopolistic competitors act like monopolies and oligopolists don't.
D) Monopolistic competitors can make long-run profits.
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46
What is the prisoner's dilemma?

A) the game that demonstrates the basic problem that noncolluding oligopolists face
B) a theory on how the monopolist charges prices above the market equilibrium
C) the competition that can occur among firms in monopolistic competition
D) a theory about why firms break the law by colluding
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47
When economists use game theory to analyze the strategic behaviour of firms, which of the following do they take into account?

A) the price-taking behaviours of oligopolists
B) the allocative efficiency of their rivals
C) the price-making behaviours of perfectly competitive markets
D) the expected behaviours of rival firms because of the interdependence in the market
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48
What is the optimal action that a player can take, regardless of their opponents actions, referred to as?

A) a Nash strategy
B) a payoff strategy
C) a cooperative strategy
D) a dominant strategy
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49
Under what circumstances might advertising lead to a reduction in prices?

A) if marginal revenue increases faster than marginal costs
B) if it leads to increased awareness of substitutes and increased elasticity
C) if increased production leads to lower average costs
D) if it leads to increased differentiation and decreased elasticity
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50
What is a dominant strategy?

A) the strategy that results from collusion in an industry
B) the strategy that results in the best outcome for all firms in an industry
C) the optimal strategy that takes into account the actions of opponents
D) the strategy that is optimal regardless of the actions of other firms
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51
What will firms that allocate funds to advertising most likely experience?

A) an increase in elasticity
B) an increase in marginal costs
C) an increase in average variable costs
D) an increase in marginal revenue
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52
What is a noncooperative game?

A) when each firm sets its own price without consulting other firms
B) when all firms set output levels that drive up market prices
C) when two firms collude to improve their profit maximizations
D) when each firm differentiates its product in the market through strategic advertising
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53
Why do oligopolists tend to change their price less frequently than perfect competitors?

A) because their demand curves are inelastic
B) because they often are subject to government price controls
C) because they are uncertain as to how their competitors will react
D) because the demand curve for their product is not as volatile
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54
What is a tool that allows economists to analyze the strategic behaviour of firms in a market?

A) network externalities
B) payoff strategies
C) monopolistic equilibrium
D) game theory
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55
What do the concepts of interdependence and game theory illustrate about how firms that compete in oligopoly markets price their products?

A) They set a price in the market and do not change it.
B) They consider the actions of their rivals before changing the price of their products.
C) They ignore the actions of their rivals when considering price changes.
D) They engage in frequent price changes.
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56
What is the objective of a cartel?

A) joint profit maximization
B) productive efficiency
C) allocative efficiency
D) individual profit maximization
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57
Under what circumstances might advertising benefit society?

A) if it provides information
B) if it decreases the deadweight loss from underallocation of resources
C) if it increases productive efficiency
D) if it increases allocative efficiency
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58
Under what circumstance might advertising lead to a reduction in the average cost of production?

A) If there are significant increasing returns to scale in production.
B) If demand was fairly elastic before the advertising.
C) If marginal cost falls as a result of decreased production.
D) If demand increases and there are constant returns to scale.
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59
What are oligopolists said to be doing when they determine price and output decisions jointly?

A) corroborating
B) combining
C) coexisting
D) colluding
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60
What is the term for an industry characterized by relatively few firms controlling most of the production and sale of a product or service?

A) oligopoly
B) perfect competition
C) monopolistic competition
D) oligarchy
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61
When does a network externality exist?

A) when advertising has an impact on the number of people purchasing a good.
B) when a change in the price of a good influences the quantity demanded.
C) when the number of people purchasing a good impacts the supply curve
D) when the number of people purchasing a good influences quantity demanded
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62
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-5
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-5   Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the Nash equilibrium?</strong> A) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise. C) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the Nash equilibrium?

A) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
C) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
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63
What is a tit-for-tat strategy?

A) a strategy used in repeated games where one player follows the other players move in the previous round
B) a strategy in one-shot games where two players will collude to the detriment of other firms in the industry
C) a strategy in a one-shot game where self-interest prevents cooperative behaviour and leads to an inferior joint outcome
D) a strategy used in repeated games where players work together to plan what moves each will make in each round
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64
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-4
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-4   Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the Nash equilibrium?</strong> A) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price. B) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price. C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price. D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the Nash equilibrium?

A) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
B) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
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65
Monopolistically competitive firms are capable of earning long-run profits due to product differentiation.
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66
What is the bandwagon effect?

A) a positive network externality where a consumer's demand for a product increases because no one else has it
B) a negative network externality where a consumer's demand for a product decreases because too many people own it
C) a negative network externality where a consumer's demand for a product decreases because of the "snob effect"
D) a positive network externality where a consumer's demand for a product increases because others own it
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67
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-4
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-4   Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the cooperative outcome?</strong> A) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price. B) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price. C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price. D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
Referring to Figure 10-4, what is the cooperative outcome?

A) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
B) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
C) Restaurant A charges a high price and Restaurant B charges a high price.
D) Restaurant A charges a low price and Restaurant B charges a low price.
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68
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-4
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to charge a high price or a low price. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-4   Referring to Figure 10-4, what can be said about dominant strategies?</strong> A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy. B) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy. C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy. D) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy.
Referring to Figure 10-4, what can be said about dominant strategies?

A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy.
B) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy.
C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy.
D) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy.
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69
When is a tit-for-tat strategy used?

A) in one-shot games
B) in dominant games
C) in collusive games
D) in repeated games
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70
A monopolistically competitive firm will maximize profits by producing at the point where MC = MR and charging a price higher than AVC.
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71
What action must each game player take at Nash equilibrium?

A) the best possible action given the action of the other player
B) the most unpredictable action that will surprise the other player
C) the most mutually beneficial action for both players
D) the best possible action regardless of the action of the other player
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72
Location, prestige, and service are all sources of product differentiation.
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73
The theory of monopolistic competition is based on product differentiation.
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74
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-5
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-5   Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the cooperative outcome?</strong> A) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise. C) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise. D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
Referring to Figure 10-5, what is the cooperative outcome?

A) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
B) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B should advertise.
C) Restaurant A shouldn't advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
D) Restaurant A should advertise and Restaurant B shouldn't advertise.
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75
What type of costs are involved when a consumer or firm must spend money in order to change from one product to another brand or change suppliers?

A) exchange costs
B) external costs
C) substitution costs
D) switching costs
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76
When people buy a certain brand of clothing because it is very fashionable and lots of other people are buying it. What is this an example of?

A) a bandwagon effect
B) a beneficial externality
C) a tit-for-tat strategy
D) a switching cost
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77
Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars).
FIGURE 10-5
<strong>Two restaurants, in a small town, compete in the market for pizza. Each restaurant must decide whether to advertise or not. The potential monthly profits for these firms are shown below (in thousands of dollars). FIGURE 10-5   Referring to Figure 10-5, what can be said about dominant strategies?</strong> A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy. B) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy. C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy. D) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy.
Referring to Figure 10-5, what can be said about dominant strategies?

A) Neither of the restaurants have a dominant strategy.
B) Only Restaurant B has a dominant strategy.
C) Both restaurants have a dominant strategy.
D) Only Restaurant A has a dominant strategy.
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78
How is the prisoner's dilemma similar to the problem faced by firms in an oligopoly in Canada?

A) Although they are interdependent, firms cannot legally communicate on pricing decisions because collusion is illegal in Canada
B) Firms are dependant and can communicate their pricing decisions with one another because collusion is legal in Canada
C) Firms are independent so cooperation in pricing is standard in Canada.
D) Firms are interdependent so failure to cooperate always leads to better outcomes than cooperation in Canada
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79
When a consumer wants to own a unique good because "no one else has it," what is this an example of?

A) switching costs, which are negative externalities
B) the snob effect, which is a negative externality
C) network benefits, which are positive externalities
D) the bandwagon effect, which is a positive externality
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80
What is Nash equilibrium?

A) the outcome that results when each player chooses the best strategy given the strategies of the other player
B) the outcome that results when each player chooses their dominant strategy regardless of the strategies of the other player
C) the outcome that results when players use tit-for-tat- strategies
D) the outcome that results when players collude on strategies
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