Deck 3: Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

Question 1

Which group of war criminals tried to justify their behavior by saying they were just doing the same thing as Americans?

Answer 1

Nazi doctors

Question 2

Which experiment involved black men being denied treatment for syphilis even after a treatment was found?

Answer 2

Tuskegee Syphilis experiment

Question 3

Which governmental ethics report calls for researchers to respect persons, equally distribute the benefits and burdens of the research, and maximize benefits while minimizing harm?

Answer 3

Belmont Report

Question 4

Why did an "inmate" in the Stanford Prison Experiment feign a psychological breakdown?

Question 5

Give an example of why the comprehension component of informed consent might be particularly difficult in criminal justice?

Question 6

Name one step researchers must take once they have collected data containing sensitive information about research participants.

Question 7

When does paraphrasing a source become plagiarism?

Question 8

The Stanford Prison Experiment was found to be ethically problematic because________.

A) The "inmates" had to do pushups
B) It caused long-term psychological harm to the "inmates"
C) It caused long-term psychological harm to the "guards"
D) Participants were not permitted to exit the study

Question 9

The following are principles of the Belmont Report EXCEPT:

A) Beneficence
B) Informed consent
C) Justice
D) Respect for persons

Question 10

What was the study that involved black men with syphilis being denied treatment for decades so researchers could observe the natural progression of the disease?

A) Holmesburg Prison Experiment
B) Stanford Prison Experiment
C) Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
D) Iowa State Prison Syphilis Experiment

Question 11

What is not a justification for being vague during informed consent?

A) If the individuals knew all of the details of the study, they would likely decline participation
B) Incomplete disclosure is necessary to accomplish the goals of the study
C) There's a plan do debrief participants after they are finished
D) There are no undisclosed risks that are more than minimal

Question 12

Providing a reward of a substantial amount of money in exchange for research participants might harm consent by producing _________.

A) Coercion
B) Undue influence
C) Invalid results
D) Unreliable findings

Question 13

Which individuals are considered by ethics boards to be vulnerable populations in need of protection?

A) Prisoners
B) Juveniles
C) Women
D) Both A and B

Question 14

If a study involves police reports including just the locations of recent shoplifting arrests but not the names of who called the police or who was arrested, that study should be appropriate for:

A) Full IRB review
B) Expedited IRB review
C) Exempt IRB review
D) Not enough information to decide

Question 15

You are about to embark on a study of males incarcerated in state prison. Your goal is to survey them about their risk-taking behavior while incarcerated, including getting a prison tattoo, using drugs, drinking prison-made alcohol, and smoking tobacco. These are all prison infractions, so anyone getting caught admitting to these things could get in trouble. You are going to make the survey anonymous, meaning you will ask respondents to refrain from putting their name on it. For IRB approval, you will be need:

A) Full IRB review
B) Expedited IRB review
C) Exempt IRB review
D) Not enough information to decide

Question 16

Which study involved a researcher going undercover to observe men have homosexual relations in a public restroom?

A) Holmesburg study
B) Tearoom Trade
C) Stanford Experiment
D) Tuskegee Experiment

Question 17

American doctors purposefully infected prisoners in the Philippines with cholera in the early 1900s.

Question 18

The Nuremberg Code was written in response to the Cambodian genocide.

Question 19

The doctor performing the medical experiments in Holmesburg Prison went beyond his area of expertise and did studies that he was unqualified to do.

Question 20

1 The Belmont Report was written by the World Medical Association.

Question 21

According to the Belmont Report's principle of beneficence, researchers must equally distribute any burdens that come with the research.

Question 22

Research participants must be informed that their participation is voluntary.

Question 23

Informed consent must always be confirmed with the participant's signature.

Question 24

Once individuals agree to participate in a study, they must stay in it through the end.

Question 25

Research involving data with participants' names and criminal records is exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review.

Question 26

If the researchers cannot figure out the identity of individual participants by looking at the data, that work is confidential.

Question 27

It is possible for some researchers to get a Certificate of Confidentiality that protects them from having to provide information to law enforcement.

Question 28

All researchers doing work with human subjects can obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality to protect themselves against having to share information with law enforcement.

Question 29

Research paperwork that could be harmful to participants if it were seen by others must be kept under two sets of lock and key.

Question 30

It is always unethical to financially compensate research participants.

Question 31

Plagiarism includes unintentional behavior.

Question 32

Researchers that pay their participants are exempt from obtaining informed consent.

Question 33

Explain why prisoners were attractive targets for medical research prior to the imposition of strict ethics regulations. Why are prisoners considered to be a vulnerable population for research?

Question 34

What are the three principles of the Belmont Report? Give an example of each principle in practice.

Question 35

Why was Laud Humprhey's work in the Tearoom Trade criticized for ethical issues?

Question 36

According to the Belmont Report, the Principle of ___________ calls for equally distributing the burdens of research among all research participants.

Question 37

According to the Belmont Report, the Principle of ___________ calls for making sure that research participants are able to make informed decisions about participation.

Question 38

According to the Belmont Report, the Principle of ___________ calls for making sure that researchers seek to avoid harming participants while maximizing benefits.

Question 39

If we are seeking to survey juveniles, we would need to get ___________ from a parent and ________ from the juvenile.

Question 40

_________ means that no one will be able to connect the research participant with his/her survey
responses

Question 41

_________ means that the researcher knows the identity of research participants but promises never to divulge their identity.

Question 42

Plagiarism involves both the offenses of __________ and _________.

Question 43

____________ is the threat of harm for failure to comply.