Question 1

A major difficulty in drawing conclusions from twin studies is that&#10;A) monozygotic twins are overrepresented&#10;B) it is impossible to distinguish MZ and DZ twins&#10;C) criminal behavior is exceedingly rare in twins&#10;D) most of the twins in these studies are adopted&#10;E)most twins are raised together

Accepted Answer

Most twins are raised together, which means they share the same environment, making it difficult to separate the effects of genetics from environmental influences in twin studies.

Question 2

The highest rate of criminal behavior among adoptees may be found when&#10;A) the adoptive father was a criminal and the biological father has no criminal record&#10;B)both adoptive and biological fathers are criminals&#10;C) the biological father has a record but not the adoptive father&#10;D) the biological mother and adoptive father are criminals&#10;E) the biological mother has a criminal record

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that adoptees with both a biological and adoptive parent with a criminal record have the highest rate of criminal behavior. This suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of criminal behavior.

Question 3

Genetic studies of criminal behavior suggest that&#10;A)heredity operates by way of mediating variables&#10;B) there is a 1:1 relationship between heredity and criminal behavior&#10;C) there is no role for heredity&#10;D) genetic factors are important in violent behavior&#10;E) sexual offenses are genetically based

Accepted Answer

Heredity operates by way of mediating variables, such as intelligence, personality, and temperament.

Question 4

Regarding the XYY hypothesis, the following is &#34;false&#34;:&#10;A) XYY males are about 1 percent of the general population&#10;B) the extra Y chromosome may slow EEG rhythms&#10;C) XYY males tend to have lower IQ scores&#10;D)XYY males are likely to have violent histories&#10;E) XYY males are no more likely to have a criminal record than XXY individuals

Accepted Answer

The statement that XYY males are likely to have violent histories is false. While there is some evidence that XYY males may have a slightly higher risk of behavioral problems, including aggression, there is no evidence to suggest that they are more likely to have a criminal record or a violent history than the general population.

Question 5

According to the research referenced in the text, neurophysiological under arousal may increase the risk of crime because of&#10;A) stimulus seeking&#10;B) emotional liability&#10;C) poor conditioning to punishing stimuli&#10;D) fear deficit&#10;E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that neurophysiological under arousal could increase the risk of crime due to a combination of factors, including stimulus seeking, emotional liability, poor conditioning to punishing stimuli, and a fear deficit. Therefore, all of the above options are possible explanations for the increased risk of crime associated with neurophysiological under arousal.

Question 6

Delayed frontal lobe development may be associated with:&#10;A) life-course-persistent delinquency&#10;B)adolescence-limited delinquency&#10;C) violent crime&#10;D) property crime&#10;E) sexual offending

Accepted Answer

The answer of Delayed frontal lobe development may be associated...

Question 7

Life-course-persistent and violent offenders may have&#10;A)neurophysiological under arousal&#10;B) a slow-to-warm temperament&#10;C) a damaged amygdala&#10;D) a short circuit in the limbic system&#10;E) an extra Y chromosome

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that life-course-persistent and violent offenders may have neurophysiological under arousal, a condition where their brains have a reduced response to signals of punishment or threat. This may contribute to a lack of emotional and behavioral control, resulting in violent behavior.

Question 8

Temperament refers to a&#10;A)personality style of responding to the environment&#10;B) &#34;difficult&#34; personality&#10;C) hot-headed person&#10;D) troubled family background&#10;E) biological deficit

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to a person's style of responding to the environment, which can include aspects such as their emotional reactivity, activity level, and sociability. It is often seen as a stable aspect of an individual's personality and can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The other options (B-E) are not accurate descriptions of temperament.

Question 9

Lombroso's theory of atavism suggests that&#10;A) criminal behavior is an adaptive behavior designed to increase mating&#10;B)the atavistic criminal is untreatable&#10;C) most criminals are endomorphic&#10;D) both a and c&#10;E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Lombroso's theory of atavism suggests that criminals are biologically distinct from non-criminals and are evolutionary throwbacks to earlier, more primitive forms of human beings. According to Lombroso, atavistic criminals are born with physical and psychological traits that resemble those of earlier stages of human evolution. Lombroso believed that these traits include long arms, flattened noses, asymmetrical faces, and other physical abnormalities. While Lombroso believed that these traits were largely immutable, he did suggest that certain environmental factors could exacerbate atavistic tendencies. Lombroso's theory was controversial and has been largely discredited by modern criminologists, but it was influential in shaping early understandings of criminal behavior.

Question 10

Some evolutionary theorists view criminal behavior as adaptive. These criminals may be called&#10;A) atavistic criminals&#10;B) intelligent, white-collar criminals&#10;C)psychopaths&#10;D) neurotic offenders&#10;E) losers

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some evolutionary theorists view criminal behavior as...

Deck 4: The Biological Basis of Criminal Behavior