Question 1

What is a moral dilemma? A problem that arises in a situation &#8230;&#10;A) Where there are two or more incompatible moral duties or values&#10;B) Where there is a difficult decision to be made&#10;C) Where it is clear what's the morally right thing to do&#10;D) Where some basic moral rule or value is violated

Accepted Answer

A moral dilemma is a situation where there are two or more incompatible moral duties or values. This means that no matter the decision, one moral duty or value will be compromised in favor of another. This makes it a difficult decision to make as there is no clear "right" or "wrong" choice. Examples include deciding to save one person's life over another or whether to tell the truth or protect someone's feelings. It is important to carefully consider and evaluate all possible options before making a decision in a moral dilemma.

Question 2

In the Tarasoff decision, the California Supreme Court issued a majority and a minority opinion. Which, if either of these, was consequentialist?&#10;A) The minority opinion&#10;B) The majority opinion&#10;C) Both A and B&#10;D) Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

According to the Tarasoff decision, when a medical professional learns that a patient poses a serious risk to a third party, she has the duty &#8230;&#10;A) To protect the third party&#10;B) To persuade the patient&#10;C) To honor medical confidentiality&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The Tarasoff decision established that if a medical professional learns that a patient poses a serious risk to a third party, the duty is to protect the third party, even if it means breaching confidentiality. Persuading the patient or honoring confidentiality are not priorities in this situation.

Question 4

The argument &#34;Violations of medical confidentiality are likely to result in something bad: namely, more violent crimes in society. Therefore, the Tarasoff decision was wrong&#34; is &#8230;&#10;A) A Kantian objection to the Tarasoff decision&#10;B) A care ethics objection to the Tarasoff decision&#10;C) A consequentialist objection to the Tarasoff decision&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The argument is based on the consequentialist idea that the violation of medical confidentiality will lead to more harm in society in the form of violent crimes. Therefore, the objection to the Tarasoff decision is based on its potential negative consequences rather than on a Kantian or care ethics perspective.

Question 5

According to Chapter 4, which of the following positions about medical confidentiality has been proposed?&#10;A) Absolutism&#10;B) Universalism&#10;C) Skepticism&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Chapter 4 proposes all three positions about medical confidentiality: absolutism, which prioritizes patient confidentiality above all else; universalism, which allows for exceptions in the interest of public health or safety; and skepticism, which questions whether medical confidentiality is even a legitimate concept.

Question 6

Which of the following positions about medical confidentiality is most favored by professional codes of medical ethics?&#10;A) Absolutism&#10;B) Universalism&#10;C) Skepticism&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following positions about medical...

Question 7

Which of the following best captures the view that medical confidentiality does count as a duty of health care professionals but only most of the times?&#10;A) Absolutism about medical confidentiality&#10;B) Universalism about medical confidentiality&#10;C) Skepticism about medical confidentiality&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Universalism about medical confidentiality would argue that medical confidentiality is always a duty of health care professionals, whereas skepticism would argue that it is never a duty. Absolutism would suggest that medical confidentiality is always more important than competing concerns, while the view in question acknowledges that there may be situations in which confidentiality must be breached in order to uphold other ethical considerations, such as preventing harm to the patient or others. Therefore, the best choice for this view is Universalism about medical confidentiality (B).

Question 8

Which of the following best captures the view that confidentiality is an exceptionless duty of medical professionals?&#10;A) Absolutism about medical confidentiality&#10;B) Universalism about medical confidentiality&#10;C) Skepticism about medical confidentiality&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Absolutism about medical confidentiality holds that medical professionals have an exceptionless duty to maintain the confidentiality of their patients' information, regardless of the circumstances. This means that confidentiality cannot be breached even if it would prevent harm to others or if the patient consents to disclose the information.

Question 9

Given respect for patient autonomy, health professionals must &#8230;&#10;A) Withhold medical facts when they think a patient is better off not knowing&#10;B) Disclose medical facts even if they think a patient is better off not knowing&#10;C) Under-disclose the medical facts whose knowledge can obstruct treatment&#10;D) Deceive the patient when they think she is better off not knowing

Accepted Answer

Health professionals must disclose medical facts to the patient even if they think the patient is better off not knowing, as this is essential for upholding the principle of patient autonomy. Withholding information takes away the patient's ability to make an informed decision about their treatment or care.

Question 10

A consequentialist reason against deception in clinical practice is that &#8230;&#10;A) Patients must be treated as ends in themselves and not merely as means&#10;B) Deception is not what the virtuous caregiver does when acting in character&#10;C) Deception may erode trust in the health care system&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

A consequentialist reason focuses on the outcomes or consequences of an action. In this context, the erosion of trust in the health care system is a direct consequence of deception, making option C the correct consequentialist reason against deception in clinical practice. Options A and B are not consequentialist reasons; A is a deontological reason, and B is a virtue ethics reason.

Question 11

Which situations are exceptions to medical confidentiality mandated by law? A patient's &#8230;&#10;A) Impairments to operate vehicles&#10;B) Possible threat to identifiable third parties&#10;C) Gunshot wounds&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which situations are exceptions to medical confidentiality...

Question 12

The attempt to impose one's own ethical values on other cultures is called &#8230;&#10;A) &#34;The problem of culture&#34;&#10;B) &#34;Ethical imperialism&#34;&#10;C) &#34;Cultural relativism&#34;&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The attempt to impose one's own ethical...

Question 13

The Human Genome Project produced &#8230;&#10;A) Genetic knowledge&#10;B) Genetic pseudo-knowledge&#10;C) Genetic determinism&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Human Genome Project produced &#8230;&#10;A) Genetic...

Question 14

Given nondirective genetic counseling, it is morally forbidden for genetic counselors &#8230;&#10;A) To make attempts at persuading clients at risk of genetic disorders to undergo genetic testing&#10;B) To suggest to clients at risk of genetic disorders that they undergoing genetic testing&#10;C) To pressure clients at risk of genetic disorders to undergo genetic testing&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Given nondirective genetic counseling, it is morally...

Question 15

According to a Kantian argument against the right to genetic ignorance &#8230;&#10;A) Genetic ignorance can lead to bad consequences for others&#10;B) Genetic ignorance is incompatible with patient autonomy&#10;C) Genetic ignorance interferes with population studies&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to a Kantian argument against the...

Question 16

Which of the moral theories discussed in Chapter 2 best captures the reasoning in Tarasoff, both the majority and the minority opinions? Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the moral theories discussed in...

Question 17

What is a Tarasoff-like dilemma? Illustrate your answer with examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a Tarasoff-like dilemma? Illustrate your...

Question 18

Discuss the Tarasoff decision by raising what you consider the best objection to it and the best reply to that objection.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the Tarasoff decision by raising what...

Question 19

Do health care providers have duties to third parties? If so, what are they?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Do health care providers have duties to...

Question 20

Define 'disclosure' and discuss what kind of duty, if any, it imposes in clinical practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define 'disclosure' and discuss what kind of...

Deck 4: Managing Patient Information