Deck 8: The Social Context of Prejudice

Question 1

A person's-------------------is the part of their self-concept that derives from member- ship in groups.

A) self-esteem
B) social identity
C) true consciousness
D) relative identity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When people think of themselves as members of an ingroup and think of others as members of an outgroup, they tend to

A) discriminate in favor of ingroup members.
B) see members of the outgroup as being very similar to one another while seeing members of the ingroup as individuals.
C) see negative behavior performed by an ingroup member as being caused by situ- ational factors but see the same behaviors performed by an outgroup member as being caused by personal factors (such as personality).
D) do all of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements about social identities is true?

A) They must be based on groups that are small enough so that most members know each other.
B) People usually have only one important social identity.
C) Some people are motivated to develop social identities whereas other people are not.
D) People want to see their group as distinct from and better than other groups.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the core ideas on which social identity theory is based?

A) People have a fundamental tendency to categorize themselves and others.
B) Part of a person's self-concept derives from membership in a social group (or groups).
C) People have a fundamental tendency to unquestioningly follow the instructions of their ingroup authority figures.
D) People want to enhance their social identities through comparison with other groups.

Question 5

Categorizing oneself and others into an ingroup and an outgroup often leads to

A) low self-esteem.
B) intergroup cooperation.
C) intergroup competition.
D) all of the above.

Question 6

According to social identity theory, categorizing oneself and others into an ingroup and an outgroup

A) leads people to believe that differences between the ingroup and the outgroup are smaller than they really are.
B) leads people to take an "us versus them" perspective on intergroup relations.
C) reduces feelings of intergroup competition and increases feelings of intergroup cooperation.
D) does all of the above.

Question 7

Éléanor is a lifelong fan of France's national soccer team, Les Bleus. According to social identity theory, when Les Bleus won the World Cup, Éléanor

A) likely experienced a boost to her personal self-esteem.
B) became more cooperative in her interactions with Engand's Manchester United fans (a salient outgroup).
C) developed new outgroups to dislike.
D) saw herself as less distinctive than before.

Question 8

In the context of social identity theory, which of the following statements about self- esteem and prejudice is/are true?

A) Intergroup bias increases positive social identity, which is reflected in an increase in self-esteem.
B) People with low self-esteem will engage in intergroup bias as a way to raise their self-esteem.
C) When an event linked to an important social identity threatens people's self- esteem, they can defend their self-esteem through intergroup bias.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 9

According to social identity theory, people with low self-esteem will respond to a threat to an important ingroup identity by

A) abandoning that social identity.
B) engaging in intergroup bias.
C) feeling an increased need for intergroup cooperation.
D) optimizing the distinctions among their own social identities.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about social identity and its effects is true?

A) Members of majority groups tend to be higher on ingroup identification than members of minority groups.
B) People high on ingroup identification and people low on ingroup identification are equally likely to engage in outgroup derogation following a threat to social identity.
C) Group members with high status are more likely to engage in outgroup deroga- tion than group members with low status.
D) People high on ingroup identification are more concerned about maintaining clear distinctions between the ingroup and outgroup than are people low in ingroup identification.

Question 11

Self-categorization theory proposes that categorizing oneself as an-------------------member becomes-------------------as the perceived difference between the ingroup and outgroup increases.

A) outgroup; more likely
B) ingroup; less likely
C) ingroup; more likely
D) outgroup; impossible

Question 12

Research on social identities shows that

A) situational factors influence which social identity is activated.
B) a person's preferred social identity is stable, regardless of the situation.
C) people have only one or two strong social identities.
D) having multiple social identities decreases one's personal identity.

Question 13

Self-categorization as an ingroup member is most likely when the

A) perceived difference between the ingroup and outgroup is small.
B) person is surrounded by many ingroup members and few outgroup members.
C) person believes they are distinctive from other people in the situation along an important dimension.
D) distinction between the ingroup and outgroup is based on personality character- istics rather than visible group differences.

Question 14

Joelle works in a company with predominantly male employees. Research on self- categorization suggests that, compared to the male employees, Joelle will be

A) especially likely to think of herself in terms of her gender.
B) unconcerned about her identity as a woman.
C) likely to see her co-workers as very different from one another.
D) particularly high in self-esteem.

Question 15

According to social identity theory, as members of outgroups become more salient, feelings of prejudice should

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) either increase or decrease depending on the particular outgroup involved.
D) not change.

Question 16

People who engage in self-stereotyping

A) come to see themselves as very different from the ingroup.
B) come to see themselves as one with the ingroup.
C) focus on their personal identity more than their ingroup identity.
D) tend to strike a balance between their focus on the ingroup versus the self.

Question 17

According to social identity theory, people differentiate between themselves and an outgroup because

A) doing so reduces uncertainty about whether one's beliefs are correct.
B) ingroups provide norms about how to behave.
C) people find belonging to groups to be a pleasant experience.
D) all of the above.

Question 18

People gain the strongest sense of social identity from belonging to groups that

A) they are assigned to.
B) make them feel their attitudes and beliefs are correct.
C) have members with very diverse attitudes and values.
D) all of the above.

Question 19

----------------theory proposes that people prefer social identities that achieve the best balance between feelings of being a unique individual and feelings of being accepted as a group member.

A) Optimal distinctiveness
B) Relative gratification
C) Self-categorization
D) Social creativity

Question 20

Optimal distinctiveness theory proposes that people are most likely to identify with groups that

A) emphasize group needs to the exclusion of individual needs.
B) allow group members to always put themselves first.
C) encourage identification with the group but also allow group members to be their own persons.
D) accept members with very diverse attitudes and values.

Question 21

Events that threaten the well-being of an ingroup tend to

A) either increase or decrease identification with the ingroup depending on the nature of the threat.
B) decrease identification with the ingroup.
C) increase identification with the ingroup.
D) have no effect on identification with the ingroup.

Question 22

Increased identification with an ingroup can result from

A) threats of genocide.
B) threats to the ingroup's culture.
C) perceptions that the ingroup is losing its predominant position in society.
D) all of the above.

Question 23

----------------social identities are the ones that are always with us, regardless of the situation.

A) Optimal
B) Chronic
C) Distinctive
D) Instrumental

Question 24

Which of the following people is least likely to have a chronic social identity?

A) a Black male baseball player
B) a female corporate executive officer
C) an Asian male elementary school teacher
D) a White male physician

Question 25

Research on social identity theory has found that a strong social identity is most likely to lead to

A) both ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation.
B) ingroup favoritism but not necessarily outgroup derogation.
C) outgroup derogation but not necessarily ingroup favoritism.
D) neither outgroup derogation nor ingroup favoritism.

Question 26

Alberto identifies strongly with his Puerto Rican ethnic group. According to social identity theory, Alberto is most likely to

A) hold favorable attitudes toward both Puerto Ricans and non-Puerto Ricans.
B) hold favorable attitudes toward Puerto Ricans but hold either favorable or unfa- vorable attitudes toward non-Puerto Ricans.
C) hold unfavorable attitudes toward non-Puerto Ricans but hold either favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward Puerto Ricans.
D) hold neutral attitudes toward both Puerto Ricans and non-Puerto Ricans.

Question 27

People with-------------------social identities are most likely to be tolerant of other groups.

A) focused
B) complex
C) simple
D) chronic

Question 28

Marcus is a Black physician who loves to golf and sees all three identities (race, occu- pation, and hobby) as important to his self-concept. Marcus probably also

A) is tolerant of outgroups.
B) dislikes anyone who is not a member of at least one of those groups.
C) is motivated to eventually choose the one ingroup that is most important to him.
D) readily self-categorizes.

Question 29

Having a strong national social identity can lead to reduced prejudice against immi- grants when

A) people view citizenship in ethnic rather than civic terms.
B) people are high on group narcissism.
C) national norms and traditions promote intergroup tolerance.
D) any of the above factors are operating.

Question 30

Which of the following affect(s) social identity?

A) self-categorization
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) individual differences
D) all of the above

Question 31

Relative deprivation theory holds that feelings of dissatisfaction derive from people's

A) absolute levels of deprivation.
B) level of deprivation compared to some standard, such as previous experience.
C) failure to develop any important social identities.
D) all of the above.

Question 32

Feelings of relative deprivation stem from

A) people comparing what they are now receiving with what they had received in the past and feeling that they are getting less than they deserve.
B) social comparison with people doing worse than they are and feeling that they are getting less than they deserve.
C) people's belief that the outgroup holds very different values than the ingroup.
D) perceiving the world as dangerous and threatening.

Question 33

----------------justice reflects the extent to which rewards are allocated by a fair process.

A) Procedural
B) Social
C) Distributive
D) Equitable

Question 34

----------------justice refers to the extent to which the rules used to allocate rewards are perceived to be fair.

A) Procedural
B) Social
C) Distributive
D) Competitive

Question 35

Orville believes that he was passed over for promotion because his supervisor favors members of other ethnic groups rather than because of his poor qualifications. Orville's belief illustrates the concept of-------------------justice.

A) procedural
B) social
C) optimal
D) distributive

Question 36

Women may be willing to accept less pay than men because they believe this outcome is

A) low in both distributive and procedural justice.
B) high in both distributive and procedural justice.
C) low in distributive justice but high in procedural justice.
D) high in distributive justice but low in procedural justice.

Question 37

People feel the most resentment and dissatisfaction about a situation when they believe that

A) procedural justice is high but distributive justice is low.
B) distributive justice is high but procedural justice is low.
C) both procedural and distributive justice are high.
D) both distributive and procedural justice are low.

Question 38

Generally,-------------------relative deprivation is related to prejudice but-------------------relative deprivation is unrelated to prejudice.

A) personal; egoistic
B) fraternal; group
C) group; personal
D) personal; group

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the relationship between relative depriva- tion and prejudice is true?

A) Feelings of relative deprivation are related to explicit prejudice but not to implicit prejudice.
B) Feelings of relative deprivation are related to prejudice but not to willingness to discriminate.
C) Feelings of relative deprivation can cause prejudice toward an outgroup even when that group did not cause the deprivation.
D) Relative deprivation theory works as an explanation for prejudice in the United States but not in other countries.

Question 40

People experience-------------------when they believe that their group is better off than other groups.

A) relative deprivation
B) relative gratification
C) procedural justice
D) distributive justice

Question 41

People with which of the following beliefs are likely to express prejudice?

A) Things are getting better.
B) Things are getting worse.
C) Things are unlikely to change.
D) Either a or b

Question 42

People who feel relatively gratified may express prejudice because

A) negative beliefs about other groups help them justify their group's advantaged position in society.
B) they fear things are unlikely to change.
C) they would rather be in a different ingroup.
D) they respond to the demands of people in authority.

Question 43

People with which viewpoint are least likely to be prejudiced?

A) My group is better off than other groups.
B) My group is worse off than other groups.
C) My group's outcomes are about the same as other groups' outcomes.
D) Both a and b

Question 44

----------------theory proposes that people dislike members of an outgroup because their ingroup is competing with that outgroup for resources.

A) Realistic conflict
B) Optimal distinctiveness
C) Social categorization
D) Social identity

Question 45

----------------theory suggests that direct competition between groups is, in itself, sufficient to cause prejudice.

A) Social identity
B) Relative deprivation
C) Social categorization
D) Realistic conflict

Question 46

According to realistic conflict theory, people join groups

A) for the social benefits.
B) to enhance their ability to obtain rewards and resources.
C) because belonging increases their self-esteem.
D) to ensure procedural justice.

Question 47

According to realistic conflict theory, two groups both wanting the same resources leads to

A) cooperation.
B) increased liking for the outgroup.
C) competition.
D) increased group-level self-esteem.

Question 48

The Robbers Cave study illustrates the role of-------------------in creating prejudice.

A) realistic conflict
B) relative gratification
C) relative deprivation
D) intergroup threat

Question 49

The contemporary view of realistic conflict theory

A) focuses more on intergroup competition than on intergroup conflict.
B) addresses cultural resources as well as tangible resources.
C) views prejudice and discrimination as tools that majority groups use to reduce competition from other groups.
D) is characterized by all of the above.

Question 50

According to the instrumental model of intergroup conflict, prejudice and discrimi- nation function to

A) increase group members' self-esteem.
B) reduce competition from other groups.
C) reduce feelings of resentment aroused by perceptions of relative deprivation.
D) reduce group members' self-stereotyping.

Question 51

Which of the following situations could lead people to believe that their ingroup is in competition with another group?

A) An earthquake closes the only road to an area occupied by two groups, making it impossible for the government to send supplies.
B) A severe economic recession puts many people out of work.
C) Members of a majority group believe that the political and economic power of a minority group is increasing.
D) All of the above situations could lead to perceptions of intergroup competition.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about the causes of intergroup competition is true?

A) Ideological factors such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation are not related to perceptions of intergroup competition.
B) Intergroup competition can arise over economic resources but not cultural resources.
C) The perception that resources are scarce can motivate intergroup competition even if that perception is not correct.
D) Perceived scarcity of resources can lead to outgroup derogation but not to ingroup favoritism.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about the psychological effects of perceived inter- group competition is false?

A) Although perceived competition has cognitive and emotional effects, it has no effect on behavior.
B) Perceived competition leads people to be less likely to categorize other people as members of their ingroup.
C) Perceived competition leads people to be more likely to perceive other groups' gains as resulting in losses for their ingroup.
D) Perceived competition over tangible resources leads to emotions such as fear and anger, whereas perceived competition over cultural resources causes emotions such as disgust and contempt.

Question 54

According to John Duckitt's extension of realistic conflict theory, what most likely happens when one group wins an intergroup competition for resources?

A) The losing group develops benevolent stereotypes of the winning group.
B) The winning group shuns all further interaction with the losing group.
C) The winning group exploits and dominates the losing group.
D) The losing group exploits their loss as a way to gain status with other groups.

Question 55

The process whereby one group accepts inaccurate beliefs about intergroup relations that are contrary to its interests is called

A) legitimizing oppression.
B) intergroup dominance.
C) optimal distinctiveness.
D) false consciousness.

Question 56

Which of the following ingroup members' beliefs does not reflect false consciousness?

A) The ingroup is inferior.
B) The ingroup deserves the treatment it receives.
C) The outgroup's position cannot be effectively challenged.
D) The outgroup is oppressive.

Question 57

According to Duckitt's extension of realistic conflict theory, if a dominant group sees a subordinate group's challenge as unjustified, the dominant group will likely respond with

A) acceptance of the subordinate group's power.
B) superficial tolerance.
C) silence.
D) hostility.

Question 58

According to Duckitt's extension of realistic conflict theory, if a dominant group sees a subordinate group's challenge as justified, the subordinate group gains

A) the power to demand change.
B) true tolerance in all but a few rare cases.
C) the right to take hostile action against the dominant group.
D) all of the above.

Question 59

Which of the following is not one of the threats addressed by intergroup threat theory?

A) intergroup anxiety
B) perceptions of realistic threat
C) mortality threat
D) perceptions of symbolic threat

Question 60

According to intergroup threat theory, perceptions of symbolic threat stem from

A) perceived value differences.
B) intergroup conflict and competition.
C) aversive prejudice.
D) fear of embarrassment.

Question 61

According to intergroup threat theory, strong ingroup identification is associated with

A) low levels of intergroup anxiety.
B) weakened support for group values.
C) denial of ingroup/outgroup differences.
D) perceptions of greater group relative deprivation.

Question 62

Research on the intergroup threat theory of prejudice has found that the relationship between realistic threat and prejudice is highest for

A) members of high status groups.
B) people low in social dominance orientation.
C) members of low status groups.
D) people high in optimal distinctiveness.

Question 63

People who are doing well in objective terms may explain that they are prejudiced because their group is being victimized by groups that are less well-off. Which theory can best explain this phenomenon?

A) social identity
B) relative deprivation
C) realistic conflict
D) intergroup threat

Question 64

The majority of hate groups

A) claim to be religious organizations.
B) encourage violent action against targeted groups.
C) are well organized at the national level.
D) advocate the segregation or deportation of minority groups.

Question 65

Leaders of hate groups are least likely to encourage their members to

A) engage in violence against disliked groups.
B) attend membership meetings and rallies.
C) enjoy racist music and television shows.
D) attend protests and demonstrations.

Question 66

Most hate groups

A) focus solely on prejudice against certain racial groups.
B) have extreme prejudice against women as a foundation of their group.
C) focus solely on prejudice against certain religious groups.
D) avoid use of the internet and other forms of technology.

Question 67

Joe recently joined a hate group. Which of the following characteristics is he least
Likely to have?

A) He is searching for solutions to his problems.
B) He holds extreme anti-minority attitudes.
C) He is experiencing relative deprivation.
D) He has pro-White racial attitudes.

Question 68

The attitudes of new hate group recruits most likely reflect

A) extreme racism.
B) cultural racism.
C) rejection of European Christian values.
D) relative gratification.

Question 69

Americans who are characterized as everyday racists

A) often see themselves as justifiably prejudiced.
B) believe American religions have too much influence in today's society.
C) are comfortable interacting with minorities on an everyday basis.
D) believe that the only correct values are White American values.

Question 70

Hate groups look for new members among people who

A) are looking for clear Answers to questions about why they are having economic problems.
B) are looking for a sense of meaning in their lives.
C) feel a sense of grievance.
D) have all of the above characteristics.

Question 71

Hate group membership is least likely to appeal to people who

A) feel that their ingroup has been under-served relative to other groups by the government.
B) feel that they are leading meaningful lives and making a positive impact on society.
C) feel that things are going poorly for them and have little hope that things will get better.
D) lack a sense of comradeship and community.

Question 72

The process of organizational socialization in hate groups converts everyday racism into

A) violence.
B) extraordinary racism.
C) cultural racism.
D) all of the above.

Question 73

People who join hate groups are likely to

A) be popular with their peers.
B) be clear about the direction their life is taking.
C) want to make the world a better place.
D) have a positive social identity.

Question 74

Which of the following is not an important difference between mainstream Christian fundamentalism and racist religion?

A) Mainstream Christian fundamentalism embraces Christianity's call for universal love but racist religion accepts the idea of love only for White people.
B) Racist religion claims that the Bible can be interpreted to support racism; main- stream fundamentalists reject this claim.
C) Racist religion teaches that White people can best prepare for Christ's Second Coming by focusing on White superiority; mainstream fundamentalist Christians believe that the Second Coming is already imminent.
D) Mainstream fundamentalists attribute evil to the work of Satan; racist religion attributes evil to secular conspiracies.

Question 75

Which of the following is a reason why some racist groups present themselves as religious?

A) Most hate groups have strong religious foundations with a similar message.
B) Jewish people are the social group most targeted by hate groups.
C) Religion can unify people who hold disparate racial beliefs.
D) Most Black people are not religious, so focusing on religion makes it easier for hate group members to accept negative messages about them.

Question 76

Hate group members are most likely to come from which social group?

A) people with lower incomes
B) the uneducated
C) the middle class
D) people in their thirties or older

Question 77

One tool that hate group members use to recruit high school and college students is

A) printed pamphlets and posters.
B) speeches given in public places near schools.
C) music with racist themes.
D) public protests and demonstrations.

Question 78

Most people who join hate groups

A) seek the groups out.
B) are recruited by hate group members who they know from other settings.
C) are recruited by hate group members who are previously unknown to them.
D) do so at the first meeting they attend.

Question 79

Hate group recruiters typically find new members by

A) befriending strangers.
B) inviting friends and family to events that emphasize fellowship and learning.
C) emphasizing that hate group gatherings provide a forum for people to express their extreme racist beliefs.
D) seeking out people who have read the group's literature.

Question 80

----------------is the least effective way to socialize new hate group members.

A) Online social networking
B) Isolating those with opposing views
C) Formal education activities
D) Participation in rituals