Deck 10: The Experience of Discrimination

Question 1

Which of the following statements about group privilege is true?

A) For dominant group members, privilege is a concrete, readily observable construct.
B) Privileged group status is defined primarily by the size of the privileged group relative to the size of the non-privileged group.
C) Privileged status is determined by a group's power and influence.
D) All of the above are true.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Groups that violate the norms established by the dominant group are said to be

A) stigmatized.
B) tokens.
C) disidentified.
D) privileged.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When marked group members are treated as if they are objects rather than people, they are being----------------.

A) treated as tokens
B) objectified
C) disidentified
D) subject to stigma by association

Answer 3

B

Question 4

When marked group members are objectified, they are

A) seen as sharing characteristics with the dominant group.
B) liked better than marked group members who are not objectified.
C) believed to have concealable stigmas.
D) seen as indistinguishable from other members of their social group.

Question 5

People who stigmatize others are referred to as

A) objectifiers.
B) tokenizers.
C) markers.
D) labelers.

Question 6

What determines which groups are stigmatized by the dominant group?

A) Cultural norms
B) Historical events
C) Characteristics of the stigmatized group
D) All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a benign stigma?

A) Acne
B) Severe mental illness
C) Sexual orientation
D) Low socioeconomic status

Question 8

The-------------------of a stigma is determined by its stability.

A) concealability
B) course
C) origin
D) peril

Question 9

Abeytu suffers from severe depression which she controls by medication and chooses not to talk about to others. Abeytu's stigma

A) is purely aesthetic.
B) is perilous to others.
C) is concealable.
D) has a clearly defined origin.

Question 10

Which of the following stigmas most clearly stems from perceived violation of aes- thetics associated with Western cultures?

A) mental illness
B) being lesbian, gay, or bisexual
C) being perceived as being overweight
D) learning disabilities

Question 11

People who choose to conceal a stigma-------------------than people who choose not to conceal the same stigma.

A) experience less guilt and shame
B) have a higher need to monitor their behavior
C) have fewer fears about possible social rejection
D) all of the above

Question 12

Which of the following stigmas has the most negative consequences for the stigma- tized person?

A) a short-term illness caused by stress.
B) a gay sexual orientation that is seen as a choice.
C) HIV caused by a blood transfusion.
D) a scar that can be hidden by makeup.

Question 13

Those individuals who have a stigma that is perceived to be uncontrollable are-------------------than individuals who have a stigma that is perceived to be controllable.

A) considered to be less dangerous
B) better able to conceal their stigma
C) more likely to be viewed with pity
D) more likely to elicit angry reactions

Question 14

What happens when a member of a privileged group associates with a member of a stigmatized group?

A) the status of the stigmatized group member is raised
B) the status of the privileged group member is raised
C) the privileged group member is also stigmatized
D) both a and c

Question 15

Chandra is dating a woman who uses a wheelchair. According to research on stigma by association, people are likely to

A) see Chandra as trustworthy and caring.
B) be angry with Chandra.
C) have little sympathy for Chandra.
D) want to be friends with Chandra.

Question 16

Jessica had never known anyone who was transgender in high school, but now one of her best friends in college is transgender. Upon learning about this friendship, Jessica's high school classmates treat her differently. Jessica wonders if she is experiencing

A) internalized prejudice.
B) stereotype lift.
C) personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD).
D) stigma by association.

Question 17

Individuals who are a statistical minority within a particular setting are called

A) tokens.
B) markers.
C) disidentified.
D) privileged.

Question 18

----------------refers to the polarization or exaggeration of the differences between a token and the dominant group.

A) Visibility
B) Assimilation
C) Marking
D) Contrast

Question 19

----------------occurs when a token's characteristics are distorted so that they fit the expected stereotype.

A) Visibility
B) Assimilation
C) Marking
D) Contrast

Question 20

Which perceptual tendency explains why our eyes tend to be drawn toward the token individual in a group?

A) visibility
B) assimilation
C) objectification
D) tracking

Question 21

Which of the following was not experienced by Jan Yoder, the first female civilian faculty member at the West Point Military Academy?

A) People often assumed she was a military officer's wife.
B) She was expected to bring food to department meetings.
C) She was asked to record her thoughts about possible sexism, rather than speak about them in meetings.
D) People gossiped about her assumed sexual behaviors.

Question 22

Evangelina is the only woman in an office of 25 people. Based on research on the chilly climate, she is least likely to

A) feel isolated.
B) feel pressure to behave as if nothing is wrong.
C) experience burnout.
D) socialize regularly with her peers.

Question 23

An environment in which tokens feel unwelcome and unsupported is called a(n)-------------------climate.

A) hostile
B) chilly
C) unassimilated
D) marked

Question 24

Research on token status shows that

A) both men and women perceive there to be gender discrimination in their chosen area of study.
B) women who choose a traditionally male occupation expect to experience dis- crimination more so than men who choose a traditionally female occupation.
C) experience in an organization provides no buffer against a chilly climate.
D) having larger numbers of women in a work group does little to lessen the effects of a chilly climate.

Question 25

Which of the following actions is consistent with people who create a chilly climate?

A) gossiping about a woman's sexual orientation
B) talking to Black workers about business-related topics
C) sending Hispanic or Latinx salespeople to clients of all types
D) ensuring that a female firefighter receives constructive criticism

Question 26

Some research suggests that-------------------can be a buffer against the effects of tokenism.

A) being a woman
B) being a member of a racial or ethnic minority group
C) having a secure position in the organization
D) having a low-level position in the organization

Question 27

Men in female-dominated professions are sometimes placed on the fast-track to pro- motion. This phenomenon is referred to as the

A) glass escalator effect.
B) male privilege advantage.
C) male-token bonus effect.
D) role-incongruity advantage.

Question 28

Which of the following people is most likely to benefit from the glass escalator effect?

A) Tae, who is a blind, African American female.
B) Julianna, who is a White female wheelchair user.
C) Jamal, who is an able-bodied African American male.
D) Mark, who is an able-bodied White male.

Question 29

According to your text, it is important to recognize both-------------------in stigma- tized groups.

A) token status and stigma by association
B) stereotype threat and stereotype lift
C) stressors and resilience
D) behavioral confirmation and behavioral compensation

Question 30

Which of the following is true about the relationship between the experience of dis- crimination and stress?

A) The experience of subtle discrimination causes more stress than does the experi- ence of blatant discrimination.
B) Black people experience lower blood pressure under conditions of stereotype threat than do Black people who are not under those conditions.
C) Gay men who have experienced anti-gay violence show more psychological dis- tress than gay men who have not experienced such violence.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 31

According to the minority stress model, stigmatized group members feel stress as a result of

A) situational factors, such as job loss or illness.
B) experiencing microaggressions.
C) the expectation that they will be discriminated against.
D) all of the above.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about the effects of expecting to experience discrimination?

A) Constantly monitoring one's environment for potential discrimination can be more stressful than actually experiencing discrimination.
B) Minority groups seldom conclude that the negative stereotypes applied to them are inaccurate.
C) Expecting to experience discrimination buffers minority group members against general life stressors, such as job loss.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 33

Apollo is a gay man who believes that society's negative stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes apply to himself. This source of stress is called

A) transference.
B) stigma acceptance.
C) internalized prejudice.
D) minority stress.

Question 34

Experiencing minority stress

A) has mainly short-term effects on health.
B) has mainly long-term effects on health.
C) affects people's mental health more than their physical health.
D) increases the chances that minority group members will engage in risky behaviors.

Question 35

Research has demonstrated that the relationship between perceptions of discrimina- tion and well-being are stronger for people

A) from disadvantaged, rather than advantaged, groups.
B) who are stigmatized due to their race rather than their gender.
C) who have an uncontrollable stigma.
D) all of the above.

Question 36

Which of the following people is least likely to experience minority stress?

A) Kim, who thinks she has little control over her life circumstances.
B) Sam, who is HIV positive and does not know other HIV-positive people.
C) Ricardo, a gay man who lives near several other openly gay men.
D) Jasmine, who is overweight.

Question 37

According to your text, it is problematic to ask a successful Black person to serve as a spokesperson for their race because doing so

A) assumes that all Black people have similar views on an issue.
B) decreases the likelihood that that person's actions will be scrutinized.
C) gives the impression that the person is successful due to their ability.
D) all of the above.

Question 38

Sonia's family immigrated into the United States when she was a toddler. Now that she is in college, she finds herself negatively evaluating her recently immi- grated relatives and questioning her own academic abilities in school. Sonia is demonstrating

A) stigma by association.
B) internalized prejudice.
C) token status.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 39

Jackson watched a video of police shooting an unarmed Black man that was shared on social media by his fellow Black fraternity members. Afterward, he started hav- ing difficulty sleeping and found himself feeling agitated and upset. Jackson may be experiencing

A) prejudice-related trauma.
B) intergenerational transmission of trauma.
C) stereotype threat.
D) internalized prejudice.

Question 40

The spillover effect occurs when

A) violence experienced by one minority group member affects the mental health of other members of that minority group.
B) anger about the discrimination experienced by one's own group carries over into other parts of one's life.
C) concern about negative stereotyping in one area (e.g., math) carries over into other areas (e.g., English).
D) prejudice directed toward a specific minority group is extended toward members of other minority groups.

Question 41

Therapists who treat racial prejudice-related trauma need to make sure that they

A) follow only the guidelines for treating post-traumatic stress disorder.
B) have a clear anti-racist stance.
C) use definitions of grief and healing that were developed for mainstream populations.
D) focus solely on promoting hope for a better future.

Question 42

----------------refers to the situation where minority group members realize they can be judged in terms of a negative stereotype and their fear of confirming that judgment affects their actual performance.

A) Performance anxiety
B) Stereotype threat
C) Stigma consciousness
D) Attributional ambiguity

Question 43

Research on stereotype threat has shown that Black people who are told that a test is diagnostic of their intellectual ability will

A) score higher on that test than Black people who believe the test does not measure ability.
B) score lower on that test than White people who have also been told the test meas- ures ability.
C) indicate a stronger preference for stereotypically Black activities.
D) all of the above.

Question 44

Student A is planning a presentation about incidents of racial bias at his university. Student A's talk will most likely be viewed negatively if he is a-------------------person and his examples are----------------.

A) Black; mild
B) White; mild
C) Black; strong
D) White; strong

Question 45

Stereotype threat operates only

A) when there has been actual discrimination.
B) in the arena of academic achievement.
C) when the stereotyped judgment is in an area that is important to the stereotyped group member.
D) when the stereotyped group member has low ability.

Question 46

Which of the following is not a key to understanding how stereotype threat operates?

A) Stereotype threat can affect members of any group for which a negative stereo- type exists.
B) Stereotype threat has been demonstrated in both college and pre-college settings.
C) The nature of the experienced threat varies by the context in which the threat is experienced.
D) Stereotype threat stems from an internalization of negative stereotypes about one's group.

Question 47

Under which of the following conditions is stereotype threat most likely to occur?

A) a woman taking a math exam in a class of other women
B) a White man demonstrating his athletic ability at the same time as a Black man
C) an Asian man taking a diagnostic test that he does not particularly care about
D) a middle school child taking a memory test with other middle school children

Question 48

Stereotype threat

A) reduces working memory capacity.
B) decreases performance.
C) lowers attention.
D) all of the above.

Question 49

Carmella concludes that the stereotype that women are not good at math applies to her and that, as a result, ingroup members will judge her badly. Which type of threat is represented by her belief?

A) self-concept threat
B) group-concept threat
C) own-reputation threat (ingroup)
D) group reputation threat (ingroup)

Question 50

Charles is a 75-year-old man. He worries that if he cannot recall some fact, it will reinforce younger people's stereotype that older adults have poor memory. His con- cern represents which type of threat?

A) self-concept threat
B) group-reputation threat (outgroup)
C) group-reputation threat (ingroup)
D) own-reputation threat (ingroup)

Question 51

If people care about the implications of their stereotype-relevant actions for the way they see themselves, the source of their stereotype threat is the-------------------and the type of threat is----------------.

A) group; self-concept
B) self; self-concept
C) group; own-reputation
D) group; group-reputation

Question 52

If people believe that their own stereotype-relevant actions are public to ingroup members and they care how ingroup members see them, the source of the stereotype threat is the-------------------and the type of threat is----------------.

A) group; own-reputation
B) self; own-reputation
C) group; self-concept
D) self; self-concept

Question 53

If people believe that outgroup members think the stereotype of their group is true, the source of the stereotype threat is the-------------------and the type of threat is----------------.

A) group; self-concept
B) self; group-reputation (outgroup)
C) self; group-reputation (ingroup)
D) group; group-reputation (outgroup)

Question 54

People who believe their success or failure is under their personal control

A) are unlikely to experience stereotype threat.
B) are likely to be affected by stereotype threat.
C) are high in stigma consciousness.
D) respond only to weak or ambiguous sources of stereotype threat.

Question 55

A Latino male who is-------------------on stigma consciousness is likely to have a-------------------college grade point average.

A) low; high
B) high; high
C) high; low
D) low; low

Question 56

Researchers have ruled out all but which of the following as plausible explanations for the experience of stereotype threat?

A) distraction
B) academic competence
C) evaluation apprehension
D) impaired working memory

Question 57

Paulette discriminated against a co-worker. She later participated in an experiment. Based on the results of research, which of the following would likely occur?

A) She would have an above average score on the Stroop Word Color Test.
B) She would have a reduced cortical stress response.
C) She would show impaired executive function.
D) She would score higher than she usually does on a standardized test.

Question 58

Anne is asked to solve math problems under conditions that elicit stereotype threat. If you were observing an f MRI of Anne's brain during this time, you would likely see the greatest activation in areas associated with

A) social facilitation.
B) social rejection.
C) math learning.
D) writing and speaking.

Question 59

Which of the following is a way to reduce stereotype threat?

A) Explain that the test is diagnostic of ability.
B) Choose tasks that are generally found to be frustrating.
C) Provide role models who have succeeded in the area being assessed.
D) Reduce standards for success for threatened group members.

Question 60

Black men who watched Barack Obama's acceptance speech at the 2007 Democratic National Convention

A) scored lower on a verbal ability test than Black men who did not watch the speech.
B) scored higher on a verbal ability test than Black men who did not watch the speech.
C) reported greater interest in the political process than White men who did not watch the speech.
D) reported greater interest in the political process than Black men who did not watch the speech.

Question 61

Loretta is scheduled to take a math test. She is most likely to experience stereotype threat if

A) she is tested in a group of other women.
B) the classroom where she takes the test has photographs of successful women in mathematics.
C) the test is very difficult.
D) she is asked to affirm her values right before the test begins.

Question 62

Which of the following is not an example of an effective stereotype threat interven- tion strategy?

A) belief based
B) effort based
C) identity based
D) resilience based

Question 63

----------------refers to the finding that members of non-stereotyped groups perform better when they are aware of the cultural expectation that members of stereotyped groups will perform poorly.

A) Disidentification
B) Attributional ambiguity
C) Stereotype lift
D) Self-enhancement

Question 64

People are least likely to experience stereotype threat in an academic domain if they

A) are high in stigma consciousness.
B) believe certain personality types are more likely subject to stereotype threat.
C) are in an academic program with high standards.
D) believe intelligence is unchangeable.

Question 65

People who evaluate their abilities by comparing themselves to others who perform worse than they do, and so get a performance boost, are experiencing

A) stereotype accuracy.
B) stereotype suppression.
C) stereotype lift.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 66

Which of the following is likely to produce stereotype lift?

A) stigmatized group members taking an exam only with members of their own social group.
B) majority group members taking an exam under conditions that produce stereo- type threat for stigmatized group members.
C) women taking exams under instructions designed to eliminate gender bias.
D) priming test takers with negative stereotypes of the majority group.

Question 67

Which of the following people is most likely to experience stereotype lift?

A) Rodolfo, who is taking a math test and believes that men are better at math than are women.
B) Wayne, who is taking an English test, but does not believe women have higher verbal ability than men.
C) Paul, who believes that motivated people can improve their test performance.
D) All of the above are likely to experience stereotype lift.

Question 68

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy refers to the finding that people

A) believe they have personally experienced more discrimination than the typical member of their group.
B) believe they have personally experienced less discrimination than the typical member of their group.
C) report less discrimination than they actually experience.
D) are motivated to see more discrimination against them and their group than actually exists.

Question 69

Which of the following has been shown by research on the personal/group discrimi- nation discrepancy?

A) People are more likely to see discrimination when they make judgments on a case-by-case basis rather than in the aggregate.
B) People engage in the PGDD only when the judgment concerns possible discrimination.
C) The PGDD has been found to affect perceptions of both positive and negative attributes.
D) The PGDD is fairly easy to eliminate by asking the right questions.

Question 70

Savannah is aware that, in her country, women are usually paid less than men for the same job. However, she does not think she earns less than the average man who is employed by her company. Savannah's views reflect

A) the glass escalator effect.
B) the personal/group discrimination discrepancy.
C) gender discrimination blindness.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 71

Which of the following has been shown to reduce the personal/group discrimination discrepancy?

A) Ask people to consider the experiences of their group members on a case-by-case basis.
B) Make clear that one's own experiences should be compared to other members of one's group rather than another groups' members.
C) Emphasize that the discriminatory acts under consideration are minor and infrequent.
D) All of the above will reduce the PGDD.

Question 72

According to research on the personal/group discrimination discrepancy, Janice is more likely to believe she is personally being discriminated against if she

A) has experienced a great deal of discrimination in the past.
B) identifies strongly with her group.
C) experiences only subtle forms of discrimination.
D) has low self-esteem.

Question 73

Researcher X believes that the personal/group discrimination discrepancy results from group-level examples of discrimination coming more readily to mind than individual-level examples. Researcher X's hypothesis

A) is not supported by research on this topic.
B) is based on a motivational explanation for the PGDD.
C) explains why women exhibit the PGDD, but not why men exhibit this bias.
D) is based on a cognitive explanation for the PGDD.

Question 74

According to research on the personal/group discrimination discrepancy, why would people be motivated to assume that they are not being personally discriminated against?

A) People believe others are personally responsible for reporting the discrimination.
B) People want to avoid the social costs associated with claiming discrimination.
C) People who complain get positive attention, which most people dislike.
D) People believe that when discrimination becomes public, it is overplayed by the media.

Question 75

One explanation for the personal/group discrimination discrepancy is that people want to distance themselves from attributes associated with their group. Research shows this is most likely to happen if the attributes are

A) negative.
B) positive.
C) under people's conscious control.
D) all of the above.

Question 76

Which of the following people is most likely to deny experiencing personal discrimi- nation in the workplace?

A) Brett, who dislikes most of his co-workers.
B) Rehab, who rarely socializes with her colleagues.
C) Aoife, who has a high need to belong.
D) Marcel, who has complained about discrimination to his supervisor in the past.

Question 77

Individuals who attribute their treatment to an evaluator's discriminatory act are likely to be viewed as

A) courageous.
B) whiners.
C) competent.
D) self-deniers.

Question 78

Lyndzee, an African American college student, did not receive a scholarship even though she has a high grade point average. Lyndzee is most likely to conclude she was discriminated against if

A) the selection committee had equal numbers of women and men.
B) all identifying information was removed before the applications were reviewed.
C) other African American students were awarded the scholarship.
D) the selection committee had no minority group members.

Question 79

Yvonne is high in stigma consciousness. On a recent paper, her instructor made sexist comments about her work. When reading those comments, Yvonne likely experienced

A) high cortisol reactivity.
B) heightened activation in her cerebellum.
C) low blood pressure.
D) all of the above.

Question 80

People who believe they live in a world where they are likely to be stereotyped are high in

A) stereotype threat.
B) tokenism.
C) stigma consciousness.
D) disidentification.