Deck 11: Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation

Question 1

A culture's gender belief system consists of

A) gender stereotypes.
B) beliefs about sexual orientation.
C) perceptions of people who violate gender roles.
D) all of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The gender belief system

A) includes perceptions of people who violate gender roles.
B) focuses primarily on beliefs about gender roles in society.
C) does not include beliefs about sexual orientation.
D) all of the above.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes sexual minority groups is called

A) anti-transgender prejudice.
B) sexual orientation bias.
C) sexual prejudice.
D) heterosexism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Androcentrism is the tendency to center society around

A) people who are cisgender.
B) men.
C) androgynous people.
D) people who are heterosexual.

Question 5

Which of the following is supported by research on gender stereotypes in video games?

A) For most game systems, there are approximately equal numbers of male and female main characters.
B) Women are more likely to appear as central characters in casual games than in games created for consoles.
C) Across platforms, women, but not men, are shown as having lower than normal body weight.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 6

The cluster of traits that represent stereotypes of men is called

A) agentic.
B) communal.
C) expressive.
D) benevolent.

Question 7

The cluster of traits that represent stereotypes of women is called

A) agentic.
B) communal.
C) expressive.
D) independent.

Question 8

Which of the following traits is not commonly associated with women?

A) warm
B) self-confident
C) kind
D) emotional

Question 9

Which of the following traits is not commonly associated with men?

A) strong
B) self-confident
C) helpful
D) independent

Question 10

Which of the following cognitive abilities is associated more with men than with women?

A) analytical
B) creative
C) imaginative
D) perceptive

Question 11

Which of the following cognitive abilities is associated more with women than with men?

A) good at numbers
B) expressive
C) analytical
D) good with reasoning

Question 12

----------------is the idea that men and women are depicted differently in terms of facial prominence.

A) Sexism
B) Media bias
C) Face-ism
D) Gender-associated prominence

Question 13

Research on women's and men's facial characteristics has shown that

A) men are perceived to have less mature-looking faces.
B) the facial characteristics associated with women are unrelated to gender stereo- typic beliefs.
C) the typical female face is seen as weak and submissive.
D) people associate gender stereotypes with children's faces, but not with adults' faces.

Question 14

Research on face-ism shows that male faces being portrayed as more prominent than female faces

A) is a relatively new phenomenon.
B) first emerged in television ads.
C) results in men being perceived as more intelligent than women.
D) results in women being perceived as more sociable than men.

Question 15

Researcher Q asked research participants to draw a picture of a man and a picture of a woman on a blank sheet of paper. Research on face-ism suggests that, more often than not,

A) the man's face will have more detail.
B) the woman's face will be larger.
C) more attention will be given to drawing the man's body.
D) the man will be drawn in a passive role and the woman will be drawn in an active role.

Question 16

Which emotion is more strongly associated with men than with women?

A) guilt
B) sadness
C) pride
D) fear

Question 17

Which emotion is more strongly associated with women than with men?

A) guilt
B) self-satisfaction
C) pride
D) anger

Question 18

Results of gender stereotype research show that the strongest gender-emotion com- binations are-------------------man and-------------------woman.

A) guilty; happy
B) prideful; angry
C) angry; happy
D) happy; sad

Question 19

----------------is the belief that gender-associated characteristics are mutually exclusive.

A) Gender dimorphism
B) Gender polarization
C) Benevolent sexism
D) Hostile sexism

Question 20

Liam is six years old and is kind and warm. If asked, the adults he knows will likely predict that

A) he is not well-liked by most adults.
B) he will have a high status job as an adult.
C) his parents will encourage him to be more masculine.
D) he will be kind and warm as an adult.

Question 21

People who learn that a person has masculine personality traits

A) usually make no assumptions about the person's other characteristics.
B) typically assume the person has masculine physical characteristics.
C) will conclude he is gay.
D) will believe the person has a low status occupation.

Question 22

Manuel is a petite man who is considered gentle and warm by his friends. People who meet Manuel for the first time are most likely to assume that he also

A) has a high status job.
B) is heterosexual.
C) is artistic and creative.
D) is self-confident.

Question 23

The finding that men are perceived to be agentic and that women are perceived to be communal has been shown

A) primarily in studies of college students.
B) in a number of cultures.
C) to apply equally to perceptions of White people and Black people.
D) to apply only to perceptions of older women and men.

Question 24

Research on the accuracy of gender stereotypes shows that

A) they can be correctly applied at both the individual and the group level.
B) there is no overlap between the characteristics men and women use to describe themselves.
C) at the group level, people are fairly accurate observers of women's and men's actual characteristics.
D) stereotypes usually lead to discrimination against women but not against men.

Question 25

Research on the dynamic nature of gender stereotypes has shown that

A) people expect women's and men's communion to be more similar in the future than it is now or was in the 1950s.
B) today's men are seen as much more agentic than men in the 1950s.
C) women's and men's agency is more similar today than in the past.
D) today's women are seen as similar in communion to women in the 1950s.

Question 26

Which of the following is true about the dynamic nature of gender stereotypes?

A) In the future, it will be more acceptable for women to take on traditionally male- associated gender roles.
B) The gender roles women and men occupy today are expected to remain stable in the future.
C) People in the United States expect women's gender roles to change over time, but people in Western Europe expect women's gender roles to remain stable.
D) People from the United States and Western Europe predict that men will be more communal in the future.

Question 27

Research on attitudes toward women and men shows that

A) women are liked better than men on traditional evaluation measures.
B) discrimination against women is, for the most part, a thing of the past.
C) today's college students have no clear preference for women or men.
D) people consistently associate more positive characteristics with female subtypes than with male subtypes.

Question 28

The gender wage gap

A) has largely been eliminated in the European Union.
B) is larger in some Asian and South American countries than in the United States.
C) is smaller for women of color than for White women in the United States.
D) is beginning to reverse itself in many countries.

Question 29

In the United States, for which of the following groups is the gender wage gap largest?

A) Asian women
B) Lesbian women
C) Younger women
D) Hispanic women

Question 30

The finding that women are liked better than men is called the

A) profeminist effect.
B) gender polarization bias.
C) women are wonderful effect.
D) benevolent sexism bias.

Question 31

Which of the following is true about the sex ratio of adult women and men cross-culturally?

A) There are more men in China and India than would be expected based on bio- logical data.
B) Boys are healthier than girls, so they have a higher survival rate cross-culturally.
C) Actions such as bride burning are now illegal in India and Pakistan, so the adult sex ratio is approximately 1 in those countries.
D) There is no clear explanation for why some countries have fewer women than men.

Question 32

If a hurricane is named Samantha rather than Samuel, it is likely that

A) people will expect the hurricane to be more intense.
B) the death rates due to the hurricane will be higher.
C) people will evacuate the affected area more quickly.
D) all of the above are likely outcomes.

Question 33

The discrimination-affection paradox reflects the findings that people

A) hold equally positive attitudes toward the social group "women" and the social group "men," but discriminate more against women.
B) hold more positive attitudes toward the social group "women" than toward the social group "men," but women are more likely to be discriminated against than are men.
C) hold more positive attitudes toward the social group "men" than the social group "women," but men are more likely to be discriminated against than are women.
D) hold more positive attitudes toward the social group "women" than the social group "men," but people treat women and men similarly.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a major category of male and female subtypes?

A) occupations
B) family roles
C) political ideologies
D) sexual orientation

Question 35

Which of the following subtypes is neither liked nor perceived as competent?

A) temptress
B) family man
C) granddad
D) eternal bachelors

Question 36

Research on gender subtypes shows that

A) people agree that there are only about ten subtypes for each gender.
B) people do not differentiate between women and men on the basis of their occupation.
C) people tend to first categorize subtypes on the basis of masculinity and femininity.
D) once subtypes are created, those associated with women and men are evaluated similarly.

Question 37

People are more likely to respect-------------------and are more likely to like----------------.

A) housewives; businessmen
B) sexy women; senior citizens
C) senior citizens; businessmen
D) businessmen; housewives

Question 38

People who fill roles that require masculine characteristics are generally seen as

A) likable.
B) warm.
C) competent.
D) all of the above.

Question 39

The subtype "senior citizen" is seen as

A) neither warm nor competent.
B) warm but not competent.
C) both warm and competent.
D) competent but not warm.

Question 40

People representing high status subtypes are seen as----------------; people represent- ing low status subtypes are seen----------------.

A) cooperative; competent
B) competent; competent
C) competent; cooperative
D) cooperative; cooperative

Question 41

Research shows that people

A) believe men cannot be true feminists.
B) associate feminism with both positive and negative characteristics.
C) believe the majority of male feminists are gay.
D) clearly associate feminism with the belief in women's superiority to men.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a stereotype associated with feminists?

A) man hater
B) critical of society
C) well read
D) politically committed

Question 43

Individuals agreeing with statements such as "Discrimination against women is no longer a problem in the United States" probably hold-------------------sexist attitudes.

A) hostile
B) modern
C) benevolent
D) ambivalent

Question 44

Which of the following statements reflects benevolent sexism?

A) Women are too easily offended.
B) Women should worry less about their rights and more about becoming good wives and mothers.
C) A good woman should be set on a pedestal by her man.
D) Women often miss out on good jobs due to gender discrimination.

Question 45

Modern sexists believe that

A) gender-based job segregation can be explained by the social structure.
B) it is critical to support the woman's movement.
C) affirmative action will eventually reduce or eliminate gender-based inequities.
D) it is important to maintain current gender roles.

Question 46

----------------sexist beliefs are derogatory whereas-------------------sexist beliefs are positive.

A) Modern; old-fashioned
B) Hostile; benevolent
C) Old-fashioned; modern
D) Benevolent; hostile

Question 47

People who endorse benevolent sexist beliefs

A) believe women cannot handle the stress of a high status job.
B) like men better than women.
C) do not discriminate against women.
D) believe that women are overprotected.

Question 48

People who endorse hostile sexist beliefs

A) see women in non-traditional roles as a threat to male power.
B) believe women need protection and nurturance.
C) like women better than men.
D) all of the above.

Question 49

People with which type of gender-role attitudes are most likely to dislike non-tradi- tional women?

A) modern sexist
B) benevolent sexist
C) hostile sexist
D) ambivalence toward men

Question 50

People from countries where women are well-represented in high status jobs are likely to report having

A) low levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
B) high levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
C) high levels of hostile sexism, but low levels of benevolent sexism.
D) high levels of benevolent sexism, but low levels of hostile sexism.

Question 51

Eagly and Carli believe the path to women's success is best described as a labyrinth because

A) women cannot easily find the end of the path.
B) the barriers to women's success are relatively easy to detect.
C) women have equal access to entry-level positions, but their path to higher level positions is blocked.
D) finding paths to success can be difficult, but not impossible.

Question 52

Women outnumber men in the number of

A) chief executives of major corporations.
B) workers in the United States.
C) undergraduates enrolled in colleges and universities.
D) all of the above.

Question 53

The-------------------refers to the problem that women's traditional occupations do not offer avenues for advancement.

A) down escalator
B) sticky floor
C) glass ceiling
D) glass elevator

Question 54

Women are more likely to be promoted than men in

A) the military.
B) traditionally male jobs.
C) traditionally female jobs.
D) none of the above.

Question 55

According to role congruity theory, one reason women do not pursue leadership roles is that they

A) are more likely to observe men than women in those roles.
B) hold traditional gender-role attitudes.
C) are high on benevolent sexism.
D) fear success.

Question 56

Research shows that when the assigned task is stereotypically masculine,-------------------is more likely to be chosen as leader.

A) the dominant person, regardless of their gender
B) a male
C) a non-traditional female
D) either b or c

Question 57

Which of the following is not a stereotype associated with powerful women?

A) happy
B) cheerleader-type
C) lonely
D) conniving

Question 58

According to role congruity theory, why are women less likely to be selected as lead- ers than men?

A) People associate the leadership role with agency.
B) People associate the leadership role with communion.
C) People believe leaders need to have a blend of agentic and communal characteristics.
D) People have too often observed women failing as leaders.

Question 59

According to role congruity theory, women with a(n)-------------------leadership style are most likely to be evaluated negatively.

A) agentic
B) non-dominant
C) autocratic
D) democratic

Question 60

Women in faculty roles may be evaluated more negatively than men because

A) faculty are expected to be nurturing, warm, and supportive.
B) women receive fewer special favor requests from students.
C) faculty are expected to be directive, assertive, and knowledgeable.
D) male students prefer that women faculty use a discussion-based lecture style.

Question 61

One effective way to encourage women to pursue a career in science or technology is to

A) emphasize the communal aspects of those careers.
B) emphasize the agentic aspects of those careers.
C) downplay the possibility that women will experience gender discrimination in those roles.
D) do any of the above.

Question 62

When women see successful female role models in traditionally male occupations, they

A) conclude those women have agentic characteristics.
B) are more likely to implicitly endorse gender stereotypes.
C) are more likely to be interested in those fields.
D) have a lowered sense of belonging in those fields.

Question 63

Women who-------------------express fewer implicit gender stereotypic beliefs.

A) attend a women's college
B) see successful women in non-traditional careers
C) interact with a female peer expert in math
D) do any of the above

Question 64

Feminine men are seen as

A) unworthy of respect.
B) popular.
C) courageous.
D) all of the above.

Question 65

Research on the male gender role shows that

A) men almost always benefit from society's gender role expectations.
B) men are expected to strive for power and success.
C) today more and more boys are being encouraged to express their feminine characteristics.
D) all of the above.

Question 66

----------------is an extreme form of masculine gender expectations that convey the message that men should be tough and violent.

A) Real manhood
B) Hyperpolarization
C) Hyper-masculinity
D) Hostile sexism

Question 67

Which of the following demonstrates that manhood is seen as precarious?

A) Men complete ambiguous word fragments in a way that reflects anxiety when their masculinity is threatened.
B) People think men's job loss is usually due to physical changes, such as illness.
C) People see little reason why men need to prove their masculinity.
D) Men have lower self-esteem than women do.

Question 68

Which of the following is not related to men's strong adherence to being a "real man"?

A) low self-esteem
B) increased drug use
C) greater job success
D) greater likelihood of being suspended from school

Question 69

Results of an analysis of advertisements in men's magazines showed that

A) the majority of the ads featured at least one hyper-masculine characteristic.
B) the women in the ads were depicted as trendy and cool rather than as sex objects.
C) the ads emphasized an unkempt look for men.
D) all of the above.

Question 70

According to research on gender roles, the statements "I used to be a----------------. Now, I am not a----------------any more" are most likely to be completed with the word

A) girl.
B) man.
C) lesbian.
D) success.

Question 71

Men who are falsely told they have a feminine identity are most likely to

A) see themselves as good fathers.
B) confront prejudice against gay men.
C) be faster at completing word fragments.
D) feel anxious.

Question 72

Which of the following is not a strength-based male role?

A) rebellious
B) good father
C) community servant
D) worker-provider

Question 73

Helen's gender identity matches the sex she was assigned at birth; thus, Helen is

A) androgynous.
B) cisgender.
C) transgender.
D) heterosexual.

Question 74

A person whose sex assigned at birth incompletely or incorrectly describes their true gender is

A) androgynous.
B) cisgender.
C) transgender.
D) gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

Question 75

The genderbread activity helps illustrate

A) the differences between men and women.
B) the differences between biological sex, gender identity, and sexual attraction.
C) gender categorization.
D) the differences between gender roles and gender stereotypes.

Question 76

People with which of the following characteristics are least likely to show anti- transgender prejudice?

A) female
B) male
C) high in authoritarianism
D) politically conservative

Question 77

Research has found that media exposure to transgender storylines results in

A) increased prejudice toward people who are transgender.
B) increased prejudice toward transgender women, but not transgender men.
C) decreased prejudice toward people who are cisgender.
D) decreased prejudice toward people who are transgender.

Question 78

Research suggests that the pronoun "they"

A) is a truly gender neutral pronoun.
B) may cause people to think of men more often than women.
C) is the same as the Swedish "hen" pronoun.
D) is much less well-known than the English "ze" pronoun.

Question 79

Research shows that-------------------hold particularly negative attitudes toward------------------- .

A) people who are gay; people who are transgender
B) heterosexual men; transgender women
C) people who are transgender; people who are gay
D) heterosexual women; transgender men

Question 80

People who are transgender experience discrimination in

A) finding a job.
B) having a place to live.
C) accessing medical care.
D) all of the above.