Deck 15: Keeping Youth Out of Jail: Quebecs Experience

Question 1

In 1951, Quebec passed the School Act of Youth Protection, which ________.

A) abolished reform and industrial schools
B) instituted youth protection schools and the court of social welfare association
C) favoured the substitution of the state for parents when the child was in need of protection
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The introduction of the Youth Protection Act (YPA) in Quebec in 1977 ________.

A) marked a shift toward a due process model of youth justice
B) set a precedent in favour of using forms of social intervention outside the court to deal with young offenders rather than court proceedings.
C) effectively replaced the Juvenile Delinquents Act as the primary youth justice legislation in the province
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the authors of Chapter 15, the methods of intervention used with young offenders in Quebec and the place the non-judicial measures occupy are the result of ________.

A) the introduction of the Young Offenders Act
B) the experience and thinking that occurred in Quebec in the 1960s and 1970s
C) the role played by professional criminologists
D) the introduction of the Youth Criminal Justice Act
E) Both a and c

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the context of youth justice in Quebec, the phrase "the right measure at the right time for the right person" is most closely associated with ________.

A) alternative measures
B) differential intervention
C) alternative justice agencies
D) Youth Protection Services
E) Children's Aid Society

Question 5

The Boscoville program introduced in Quebec in the 1950s differed from other institution-based young offender facilities that existed in Quebec at that time in that ________.

A) it was affiliated with the Catholic Church
B) there were only about 50 teens in a Boscoville institution
C) there were guardians who lived with the youth
D) it focused heavily on punishment
E) All of the above

Question 6

Innovative features of the Boscoville program introduced in Quebec in the 1950s included ________.

A) teens lived in cottages similar to family homes
B) educators led the program and lived with the youth
C) academics, sports, art, and social activities aimed at contributing to the youths' re-education
D) All of the above
E) Both a and c

Question 7

The Boscoville program introduced in Quebec in the 1950s was ________.

A) inspired by innovations from European specialized educators
B) inspired by innovations from American specialized educators
C) structured as systematic action research
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 8

The psycho-education model assumes that ________.

A) "love" is not sufficient for working with youth
B) the re-education of young offenders must be led by a psycho-educator
C) young offenders help design their own rehabilitation programs
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 9

Research on the effects of the intervention programs used with young offenders based on the psycho-educative model followed in Quebec has shown ________.

A) they were able to create a positive social atmosphere that countered the negative effects of the delinquent subculture that often exists in environments where young offenders are housed
B) that 68 per cent of the youth who participated in the programs were not involved in any recidivist activity for up to one year
C) how effective rehabilitation programs can be in comparison to the absence of specific interventions and to strict detention
D) All of the above
E) Both a and c

Question 10

The success of the Boscoville program in Quebec ________.

A) convinced many authorities that rehabilitation with rigorous and well-implemented programs is necessary
B) inspired psycho-education professionals to try new models of differential intervention developed elsewhere
C) contributed to the development of new intervention centres for young offenders
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 11

By the mid-1970s, Montreal had a detention centre with a structure similar to that of a prison, called the ________.

A) Philippe-Pinel Institute
B) Le Centre Berthelet
C) Boscoville Centre
D) Le Blanc Institute
E) Le Centre Réhabilitation de Montréal

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of how le Centre Berthelet in Montreal changed after the riot of 1975?

A) A new team of directors took over the centre
B) The name of the centre was change
C) The rehabilitation program in the institution was discontinued
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 13

Which of the following was included in the main guidelines put into place for the operation of le Centre Berthelet (Cité des Prairies) as part of the reorganization of the institution after the riot of 1975?

A) Find competent and well-trained employees
B) Implement programs that have proven to be effective
C) Establish an adequate equilibrium between open and closed custody
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 14

Recent follow-up studies carried out in Quebec on intensive probation with treatment for young offenders presenting moderate to high risks of recidivism have shown that ________.

A) the program significantly lowered the risk of criminal recidivism
B) the program did not significantly lower the risk of criminal recidivism
C) 50 per cent of those who participated in the program did not recidivate one year after they completed the program
D) 76 per cent of those who participated in the program committed offences within one year of completing the program
E) the program did not influence rates of recidivism

Question 15

In Quebec, youth centres operate under legislation that includes ________.

A) the Youth Protection Act
B) the Civil Code of Quebec
C) the Youth Criminal Justice Act
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 16

In Quebec, alternative justice agencies ________.

A) provide an alternative service to youth centres
B) administer extrajudicial sanctions
C) operate under the Youth Protection Act
D) All of the above
E) Both b and c

Question 17

In Quebec, every youth centre has staff dedicated to evaluating and implementing ________.

A) closed custody sentences
B) open custody sentences
C) extrajudicial sanctions
D) police measures
E) court measures

Question 18

Recent annual statistics indicate that approximately ________ of young offenders given extrajudicial sanctions in Quebec have successfully carried out the measures imposed.

A) 50 per cent
B) 60 per cent
C) 70 per cent
D) 80 per cent
E) 90 per cent

Question 19

In Quebec, intervention with young offenders that takes place in youth centres can be undertaken by professionals including ________.

A) criminologists
B) social workers
C) special educators
D) All of the above
E) Both b and c

Question 20

Young offenders placed in secure custody in youth centres in Quebec ________.

A) cannot leave without permission
B) are subject to a rehabilitation program aimed at making changes to modes of thinking and behaviour
C) have the option of attending school
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 21

_______ is not offered in the youth centres in Quebec that offer programming and clinical activities.

A) Teaching social skills
B) Anger management and problem solving
C) Substance abuse issues
D) Resume building and employment skills
E) Moral reasoning and empathy development

Question 22

The psychiatric penitentiary hospital that opened in Quebec in 1970 was called ________.

A) Boscoville
B) Philippe-Pinel
C) Archambault
D) Établissement Joliette
E) le Centre Berthelet

Question 23

According to the text, between 2003 and 2014, approximately ________ per cent of young offenders with extrajudicial sanctions have successfully completed the measures imposed.

A) 35
B) 53
C) 67
D) 73
E) 93

Question 24

In Quebec, which of the following was a significant predictor on the decision to use extrajudicial measures?

A) Seriousness of the offence
B) Number of prior police contacts with the young person
C) Location of the crime
D) Ethnic appearance of the young person
E) All of the above were significant predictors

Question 25

According to many Quebec youth workers, the YCJA has ________ the application of differential intervention principles on youths that present an ongoing pattern of criminality when they are not accused of a violent crime.

A) limited
B) expanded
C) made little difference in
D) eliminated
E) None of the above

Question 26

The Youth Protection Act (YPA) adopted in Quebec in 1977 affirmed the notion of the precedence of social intervention over court intervention as a method of dealing with young offenders.

Question 27

In Quebec, the notion of precedence of social intervention over court intervention was reaffirmed with the adoption of the Young Offenders Act in 1982.

Question 28

In 1984, Quebec became one of the first provinces to take advantage of provisions contained in the Young Offenders Act regarding alternative measures.

Question 29

The alternative measures program that existed in Quebec was discontinued when the Youth Criminal Justice Act was implemented in 2003.

Question 30

In Quebec, the rehabilitation centres responsible for youth protection are the same as detention centres designated for young offenders with custodial sentences.

Question 31

The results of an evaluation of the Boscoville program showed that, compared to similar programs, it resulted in higher recidivism rates for young offenders.

Question 32

The violent riot that led to the injury of young offenders at le Centre Berthelet in Montreal in the 1975 helped bring about the transformation of secure-custody intervention in Quebec.

Question 33

Unlike dynamic security, static security is achieved by the constant presence of educators and the bonds built between the youth and them.

Question 34

In 1976, the responsibility for juvenile probation services in Quebec was transferred from the Ministry of Health and Social Services to the Department of Justice.

Question 35

Recent follow-up studies carried out in Quebec on intensive probation with treatment for young offenders presenting moderate to high risks of recidivism have shown that this program significantly lowers the risk of criminal recidivism.

Question 36

Over the past 40 years in Quebec, services for young offenders have been under the responsibility of Health and Social Services.

Question 37

In Quebec, the provincial director of Youth Protection is responsible for applying many aspects of the Youth Criminal Justice Act.

Question 38

No matter where a young offender lives in Quebec, he or she will receive roughly the same service with the same rehabilitation perspective.

Question 39

The Quebec legislation on Health and Social Services mandates participation in developing an intervention plan for anyone who receives services from any Health and Social Services organizaion with the exception of young offenders subject to the YCJA.

Question 40

In addition to providing support for youth, in Quebec probation officers can also offer support to parents or guardians.

Question 41

Young offenders placed in secure custody in youth centres in Quebec are not made subject to mandatory rehabilitation programs.

Question 42

In Quebec, it was agreed that the Young Offenders Act was excellent and the foundations of its principles should be maintained.

Question 43

Contrary to arguments of the government of Quebec, the Supreme Court of Canada declared that the section of the YCJA regarding presumptive adult sentences for young offenders was constitutional.

Question 44

The implementation of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in Quebec seriously undermined the effectiveness of the province's young offender intervention model.

Question 45

Parental involvement in an intervention is not recommended. Youth need to be made aware of their actions and the damages caused without the supervision of their guardian.

Question 46

All custody measures in Quebec consist of a rehabilitation program

Question 47

What was the important precedent introduced with the adoption of the Youth Protection Act (YPA) in Quebec in 1977?

Question 48

What were the recommendations of the Quebec National Assembly Charbonneau Special Parliamentary Commission on youth protection and how were they implemented in 1984?

Question 49

How was the Alternative Measures Program (AMP) introduced in the Young Offenders Act implemented in Quebec after 1984?

Question 50

What are the key factors that must be taken into account in Quebec by provincial directors responsible for administering extrajudicial programs? Why are these factors taken into account?

Question 51

What is meant by adopting a differential intervention approach to dealing with young offenders?

Question 52

How did the Boscoville program introduced in Quebec in the 1950s differ from other institution-based young offender facilities that existed in Quebec at that time?

Question 53

What are the basic assumptions underlying the psycho-educative model of young offender treatment?

Question 54

What has research concluded regarding the effects of the intervention programs used with young offenders based on the psycho-educative model followed in Quebec?

Question 55

What were the changes made to secure-custody intervention at le Centre Berthelet in Montreal after the riot of 1975 and what impact did this have on the subsequent operation of secure-custody facilities throughout Quebec?

Question 56

What were the main guidelines put into place for the operation of le Centre Berthelet (Cité des Prairies) as part of the reorganization of the institution after the riot of 1975?

Question 57

What did the changes made to secure-custody intervention at le Centre Berthelet in Montreal after the riot of 1975 demonstrate could be done to improve secure-custody intervention?

Question 58

In criminological research carried out in Quebec, a distinction is typically made between "common" delinquency and "distinctive" delinquency. How are these two concepts defined by Quebec criminologists?

Question 59

In 1993, a system of youth centres was established in Quebec. What are they and what role do they play in providing services to at-risk youth and young offenders?

Question 60

What is the main concern of the network of alternative justice agencies that operate across Quebec?

Question 61

How are youth who have been assessed by Quebec youth centre professionals as becoming involved in "distinctive" delinquency dealt with differently than youth viewed to be engaging in "common" delinquency?

Question 62

Since 2002, it appears that the use of extrajudicial sanctions administered by youth centre professionals in Quebec has declined considerably. Why might this be a cause for concern?

Question 63

The Quebec legislation on Health and Social Services mandates participation in developing an intervention plan for anyone who receives services from any Health and Social Services organization including young offenders subject to the YCJA. How are intervention plans for young offenders arranged and what can they require the youth and his or her family to do?

Question 64

Young offenders placed in secure custody in youth centres in Quebec are made subject to mandatory rehabilitation programs. What are some of these programs?

Question 65

What was one of the main reasons youth protection professionals in Quebec were opposed to the introduction of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (Bill C-7)?

Question 66

What are the two premises underlying the implementation of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in Quebec?

Question 67

With respect to extrajudicial measures, explain what is meant by "exchange measures" under the YCJA?

Question 68

All custody measures in Quebec consist of a rehabilitation program.

Question 69

What is meant by adopting a "differential intervention" approach to dealing with young offenders and how did it evolve in Quebec?

Question 70

What was the Boscoville program, how did it come about, and what role did it play in the long-term development of Quebec's youth protection and youth justice systems?

Question 71

What was the pivotal event in the 1970s that led to the transformation of secure-custody intervention in Quebec? What were the major changes introduced in youth offender rehabilitation centres in Quebec after this event?

Question 72

Why is the provision of services and the rehabilitation model used with young offenders roughly the same throughout Quebec?

Question 73

What were the reasons a large coalition of government agencies and professionals and academics in Quebec opposed the introduction of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (Bill C-7)?

Question 74

What are the different types of interventions used after sentence follow-ups? Briefly explain all four.