Deck 11: Indigenous Youth Crime in Canada

Question 1

According to the authors of Chapter 11, crime, as it affects offenders and victims, can best be defined as ________.

A) a violation of the criminal law
B) an act committed against the Queen
C) harm and harmed relationships
D) a violation of social norms
E) a failure to respect values

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to the authors of Chapter 11, crimes committed by Indigenous peoples are expressions of ________.

A) traumatization and victimization
B) anomie, strain, or normlessness
C) feelings of being lost
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Racism, broken treaties, assimilation attempts, and domination are examples of ________.

A) conflict between Indigenous peoples and settlers
B) the shared experience of Indigenous peoples
C) the history of European colonialism
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The effects of intergenerational trauma include ________.

A) poverty
B) underemployment
C) family violence
D) dropping out of school
E) All of the above

Question 5

The problem with most intervention strategies put into place to reduce Indigenous youth crime is that they ________.

A) focus mainly on substance abuse problems
B) deal mainly with family violence
C) ignore the root causes of Indigenous crime
D) All of the above
E) Both a and c

Question 6

While youth 12 to 17 years old who self-identified as Indigenous represent 7 per cent of the Can?adian population, in 2011-2012 they made up about ________.

A) 26 per cent of youth admitted to remand
B) 39 per cent of youth admitted to custody
C) 46 per cent of youth who received probation
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 7

________ are included among the factors studied as causes and influences of youth crime.

A) Biological/genetic influences
B) Psychological influences
C) Demographic influences
D) All of the above
E) Both b and c

Question 8

The diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is especially challenging in Indigenous communities because ________.

A) it is a relatively new disorder
B) assessments ideally involve a team of specialists
C) FASD symptoms often overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms
D) All of the above
E) Both b and c

Question 9

Recent studies in Saskatchewan and Manitoba report that at least ________ of young offenders are born with FASD.

A) 20 per cent
B) 35 per cent
C) 50 per cent
D) 60 per cent
E) 65 per cent

Question 10

Indigenous over-incarceration has also led to the strong conection that exists between ________.

A) imprisonment and recidivism
B) street and prison gangs
C) drugs in prison and on the streets
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 11

Part of the attraction to gangs for young people from all ethnic groups is ________.

A) media sensationalization
B) marginalization
C) excitement
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 12

For many Indigenous youth, gangs promise ________.

A) a substitute family
B) money and excitement
C) prestige and status
D) All of the above
E) Both b and c

Question 13

The recruitment of Indigenous youth to gangs by parents and other family members is a sign of ________.

A) irresponsible parenting
B) coercion and intimidation
C) gang entrenchment in some communities
D) All of the above
E) Both a and c

Question 14

It has been argued that Indigenous gang prevention strategies that target individual-level issues and risk factors are ________.

A) often effective
B) only Band-Aid solutions
C) effective only with young children
D) useless
E) None of the above

Question 15

The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996) argued that the starting point for healing the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada was to recognize Indigenous people as ________.

A) a minority group with problems that need fixing
B) political entities with a unique place in Canada
C) having been cheated by the federal government
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 16

________ is included among the shared beliefs and values of Indigenous people.

A) Resisting injustice with force
B) A connection with nature
C) Peacemaking and respecting community
D) All of the above
E) Both b and c

Question 17

_________ is included among the shared beliefs and values of Indigenous people.

A) The importance of circles and ceremonies
B) Healing broken relations with mainstream society
C) Resisting justice as force
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 18

The First Nations Community Justice Guidebook has successfully incorporated ________.

A) integration of history
B) practices with a strong sense of community
C) twelve elements representing each hour on the clock
D) All of the above
E) Both a and b

Question 19

When comparing Western justice to traditional Indigenous justice, which of the following statements is false?

A) The Western system is adversarial, whereas Indigenous justice is non-confrontational.
B) Everyone is free to give their statement in Western culture, whereas the Indigenous justice system only allows certain witnesses.
C) In the Western justice system you are expected to tell the "whole truth" whereas in the Indigenous system it is believed to be impossible to know the whole truth.
D) The function of Western justice is to protect society, whereas the function for Indigenous justice is to restore harmony.
E) All of the above

Question 20

The ________ category characteristic of FASD can result in unknowingly adding false statements in court.

A) language
B) social communication
C) attention
D) memory
E) intellect

Question 21

According to a 2016 Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) study, what percent of Indigenous children living on reserve live in poverty?

A) 20 per cent
B) 30 per cent
C) 40 per cent
D) 50 per cent
E) 60 per cent

Question 22

According to a 2016 Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives study, which province has the highest rates of Indigenous children living in poverty?

A) British Columbia
B) Alberta
C) Saskatchewan
D) Manitoba
E) Ontario

Question 23

According to the text, what percentage of Indigenous people aged 15 and over reported that they or their households had been a victimized in the past year?

A) 8 per cent
B) 18 per cent
C) 28 per cent
D) 38 per cent
E) 48 per cent

Question 24

Indigenous females have a violent victimization rate that is at least ________ times greater than that of non-Indigenous females.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 25

The proportion of Indigenous youth in provincial/territorial custody relative to their proportion in the population is about ________ times higher for Indigenous male youth and ________ times higher for Indigenous female youth.

A) two; three
B) three; four
C) four; five
D) five; seven
E) eight; ten

Question 26

The term Indigenous refers only to individuals who identify as First Nations.

Question 27

Values from Indigenous knowledge and experience inform us that expressions of anomie are essentially about broken relationships.

Question 28

Shared community and individual healing must occur concurrently.

Question 29

Educational institutions are based on academic or vocational streams that reflect capitalist and neoliberal values.

Question 30

Research has not yet established a significant link between victimization and future criminalization.

Question 31

Female Indigenous youth are not as overrepresented in youth custody as male Indigenous youth.

Question 32

The term at risk rests on the premise of deficit.

Question 33

Children with FASD who appear in court have difficulty understanding legal terms.

Question 34

It is likely that FASD is being over-diagnosed.

Question 35

FASD appears to increase the risk of victimization.

Question 36

Because of the nature of their disorder, children with FASD are less likely to become involved with gangs.

Question 37

Youth with FASD who belong to gangs are less at risk of victimization.

Question 38

Cultural loss has forced some Indigenous youth to seek an alternative source of cultural identity.

Question 39

Some research suggests that many Indigenous youth first join a gang inside prison.

Question 40

Some research suggests that intervention strategies to deter generational gang membership may work.

Question 41

Intergenerational trauma is a root contributing factor of youth crime and gangs in Indigenous communities.

Question 42

An increasing number of studies are now seeking to undertand through the voices of youth and young adults how they perceive themselves as learners within the socially-constructed experience of schooling.

Question 43

In Regina, Saskatchewan many staff report that Indigenous youth will commit crimes just to escape their harsh realities of their world on the outside.

Question 44

From an Indigenous perspective, especially Indigenous youth, the best step toward healing would involve the dominant culture breaking down the barriers it created.

Question 45

A wide assortment of behavioural problems and personality and mood disorders has been determined to be influenced by genes.

Question 46

FASD largely comes to the attention of police and the courts rather than the health system.

Question 47

According to one study mentioned in your text, over half of the participants in this study of Indigenous youth who were in conflict with the law had been at some point earlier in the care of social services.

Question 48

Although the suffering of victims of crime is obvious, how is it possible that offenders also feel personal suffering?

Question 49

What is the approach taken in this chapter to understanding Indigenous youth crime?

Question 50

What is an alternative way of viewing crime, as it affects offenders and victims, other than defining it as an act committed against the Queen or about a law broken? How can this alternative definition of crime be applied to understanding Indigenous youth crime?

Question 51

What is it about underlying contributing factors to Indigenous youth crime that sets them apart from other criminal events? Provide an example that illustrates this.

Question 52

If we adopt an Indigenous perspective to understanding youth misbehaviour, why is it more difficult to accept "get tough" approaches to crime and easier to explore alternatives to dealing with the problem of crime?

Question 53

What is intergenerational trauma? What are its effects?

Question 54

What effect do traumatic events have on human relationships and a person's sense of self-identify?

Question 55

What are the mostly likely reasons for the disproportionate representation of Indigenous youth in the youth justice system?

Question 56

How do the chapter authors explain the link between victimization and Indigenous youth crime?

Question 57

What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)? How does it exemplify the victimization-criminalization connection regarding Indigenous youth crime?

Question 58

Why is it valuable to investigate the extent to which Indigenous youth are gang involved?

Question 59

How are some Indigenous youth recruited to gangs by their family members?

Question 60

Why is an understanding of intergenerational trauma a useful framework for contextualizing the social-structural and individual-level risk factors that contribute to Indigenous youth joining gangs?

Question 61

From an Indigenous perspective, what must be done in order to take a vibrant and meaningful step toward healing the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples?

Question 62

What did the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996) argue should be the starting point for healing relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada?

Question 63

What are some of the common shared beliefs and values of Indigenous peoples?

Question 64

Identify and discuss three contrasting Indigenous and non-Indigenous values?

Question 65

What did Rupert Ross learn about Indigenous justice when he worked as a Canadian Crown prosecutor in Indigenous communities?

Question 66

What do the chapter authors suggest is needed in order to address more effectively the problem of Indigenous youth crime?

Question 67

How does marginalization of Indigenous youth relate to their involvement in crime?

Question 68

How have historical relations between Canadians of European ancestry and the first peoples of North America had an impact on Indigenous youth's common experience of traumatization, victimization, and criminalization?

Question 69

How has the term at risk been defined? What are the various risk and protective factors that may be related to Indigenous youth crime?

Question 70

Describe how the cognitive and behaviour characteristics of youth suffering from FASD can affect how they act in court as offenders, victims, and witnesses.

Question 71

Why are Indigenous youth attracted to gangs?

Question 72

Why is adopting a healing perspective a more appropriate approach for dealing with Indigenous youth crime?

Question 73

What are the factors associated with crime amongst Indigenous youth? How do biology, psychology, and socio-cultural factors influence the criminal involvements of Indigenous youth?