Question 1

Cell differentiation is ______.&#10;A) where dividing cells are transformed into specialised cell types&#10;B) when cells are in a non-dividing state&#10;C) a process where cell death is triggered&#10;D) when cells do not resemble the tissue of origin

Accepted Answer

Cell differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature, specialized forms and functions. Dividing cells are transformed into specialized cell types with distinct structures and functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells or skin cells.

Question 2

Benign cells ______.&#10;A) are poorly differentiated&#10;B) can infiltrate surrounding tissue&#10;C) divide rapidly&#10;D) are encapsulated

Accepted Answer

Benign cells are encapsulated, meaning they are surrounded by a fibrous tissue capsule and are not able to infiltrate surrounding tissue. Additionally, they are generally well-differentiated and do not divide rapidly.

Question 3

A cancerous cell will not develop if ______.&#10;A) there are changes in the genetic structure of the cell&#10;B) oncogenes develop&#10;C) there are mutations in tumour suppressor genes&#10;D) normal cell checkpoints are effective

Accepted Answer

Normal cell checkpoints are responsible for regulating cell division and ensuring that any errors in DNA replication are repaired before the cell progresses through the cell cycle. If these checkpoints are effective, any potentially cancerous cells will be stopped from dividing further and developing into a tumour. Therefore, if normal cell checkpoints are effective, a cancerous cell will not develop.

Question 4

Psoriasis ______.&#10;A) is T-lymphocyte autoimmune disorder&#10;B) involves IgM antibodies&#10;C) results in slow growth of keratinocytes&#10;D) involves only the epidermis

Accepted Answer

Psoriasis is a T-lymphocyte autoimmune disorder. T-lymphocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, as they stimulate the production of cytokines that lead to inflammation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and abnormal differentiation. IgM antibodies are not known to be involved in psoriasis, and psoriasis does not result in slow growth of keratinocytes or involve only the epidermis.

Question 5

Loss of natural moisturisers in the epidermis is found in ______.&#10;A) eczema&#10;B) psoriasis&#10;C) immunodeficiency disorder&#10;D) type II hypersensitivity reaction

Accepted Answer

The answer of Loss of natural moisturisers in the epidermis...

Question 6

Destruction of melanocytes is a feature of ______.&#10;A) allergic reaction&#10;B) rheumatoid arthritis&#10;C) impetigo&#10;D) vitiligo

Accepted Answer

Destruction of melanocytes is a characteristic feature of vitiligo, a skin condition in which white patches appear on the skin due to the loss of melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that produce the pigment melanin, which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Allergic reactions, rheumatoid arthritis, and impetigo do not typically involve the destruction of melanocytes.

Question 7

Oesteomalacia is caused by lack of ______.&#10;A) vitamin D&#10;B) iron&#10;C) vitamin B&#10;D) magnesium

Accepted Answer

Osteomalacia is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the bones. Without enough vitamin D, bones become soft and weak, leading to pain and deformity.

Question 8

Cartilage damage in rheumatoid arthritis is caused by ______.&#10;A) pressure&#10;B) rupture&#10;C) inflammatory mediators and enzymes&#10;D) calcium deficiency

Accepted Answer

Cartilage damage in rheumatoid arthritis is caused by inflammatory mediators and enzymes that are released by immune cells, leading to the destruction of joints. The other options (pressure, rupture, calcium deficiency) are not primary mechanisms for cartilage damage in rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 9

Sustained externally applied pressure to the skin can lead to ______.&#10;A) psoriasis&#10;B) an allergic response&#10;C) pressure ulcer&#10;D) sprain

Accepted Answer

Sustained externally applied pressure to the skin can lead to pressure ulcer or bedsores, which is a localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear or friction.

Deck 5: Cellular Adaptation and Neoplastic Disorders ; Disorders of Support and Protection