Question 1

Central neurogenic diabetes insipidus is associated with ______.&#10;A) overproduction of ADH&#10;B) insufficient secretion of ADH&#10;C) overproduction of insulin&#10;D) insufficient production of insulin

Accepted Answer

Central neurogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by insufficient secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin) from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, leading to excessive urine production and thirst. Option A is incorrect because it would indicate syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), where too much ADH is produced. Options C and D are incorrect because they refer to conditions related to glucose and insulin, which are not related to diabetes insipidus.

Question 2

Osmotic diuresis can result from ______.&#10;A) glycosuria&#10;B) reduced urine output&#10;C) cystitis&#10;D) use of antibiotics

Accepted Answer

Osmotic diuresis results from the presence of substances such as glucose in the urine, which causes an increase in urine output due to the osmotic gradient created by the presence of these substances. Glycosuria, or the excretion of glucose in the urine, is a common cause of osmotic diuresis. Reduced urine output, cystitis, and use of antibiotics do not directly cause osmotic diuresis.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for UTI development?&#10;A) urinary tract obstruction&#10;B) urinary catheterisation&#10;C) neurogenic bladder dysfunction&#10;D) adequate fluid intake

Accepted Answer

Adequate fluid intake is actually a protective factor for UTI development, as it helps to flush out bacteria from the urinary tract. Urinary tract obstruction, urinary catheterisation, and neurogenic bladder dysfunction all increase the risk of UTI development by interfering with the normal flow of urine and/or creating an environment where bacteria can grow more easily.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a component of kidney stones?&#10;A) calcium&#10;B) magnesium&#10;C) protein&#10;D) uric acid

Accepted Answer

The components of kidney stones are usually calcium, magnesium, and/or uric acid. Protein is not typically a component of kidney stones.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a stage of AKI?&#10;A) established or maintenance phase&#10;B) recovery or diuretic phase&#10;C) promotion phase&#10;D) initiation phase

Accepted Answer

The promotion phase is not a recognized stage of AKI. The other three stages of AKI are initiation phase, which is the initial insult that causes kidney damage; maintenance phase, which is the period of ongoing kidney injury and dysfunction; and the recovery or diuretic phase, which is the period of healing and restoration of kidney function.

Question 6

Incontinence is NOT associated with ______.&#10;A) detrusor muscle overactivity&#10;B) weakened urogenital diaphragm&#10;C) obstruction to outflow&#10;D) weight loss

Accepted Answer

Incontinence is not associated with weight loss. It can be caused by detrusor muscle overactivity, weakened urogenital diaphragm, or obstruction to outflow.

Question 7

Constipation is NOT associated with ______.&#10;A) sedentary lifestyle&#10;B) low fluid intake&#10;C) limited intake of high fibre foods&#10;D) daily intake of high fibre foods

Accepted Answer

Daily intake of high fibre foods helps prevent and treat constipation.

Question 8

Retching is ______.&#10;A) opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter&#10;B) muscle contraction without expulsion of the stomach contents&#10;C) muscle contraction with expulsion of the stomach contents&#10;D) is a subjective experience

Accepted Answer

Retching is a vomiting-like reflex where there is forceful contraction of abdominal and chest muscles, but without expulsion of stomach contents. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A and C describe vomiting, which is different from retching. Option D is not a definition of retching.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT associated with cachexia?&#10;A) the release of inflammatory cytokines&#10;B) decreased response to ghrelin&#10;C) skeletal muscle wasting&#10;D) excessive fat accumulation

Accepted Answer

Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting, and decreased appetite. It is commonly associated with chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart failure, and HIV/AIDS. Excessive fat accumulation is not typically associated with cachexia, but rather a lack of adipose tissue due to increased lipolysis. The other options, A) release of inflammatory cytokines, B) decreased response to ghrelin, and C) skeletal muscle wasting, are all commonly associated with cachexia.

Question 10

Peptic ulcer disease is associated with all of the following except ______.&#10;A) excessive gastric acid secretions&#10;B) destruction of the mucous membrane&#10;C) reduced gastric acid secretions&#10;D) gastric/duodenal mucosal infection with Helicobacter pylori

Accepted Answer

Peptic ulcer disease is characterized by excessive gastric acid secretion, destruction of the mucous membrane, and gastric/duodenal mucosal infection with Helicobacter pylori. Reduced gastric acid secretion is not typically associated with peptic ulcer disease, but rather with conditions such as atrophic gastritis or pernicious anemia.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a feature of coeliac disease?&#10;A) reduced inflammatory response&#10;B) T-cell mediated inflammatory response&#10;C) small intestine villi atrophy&#10;D) malabsorption in the small intestine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Deck 6: Disorders of Renal Function and Fluid Balance ; Disorders of Nutrient Supply and Faecal Elimination