Question 1

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of metabolic syndrome?&#10;A) Most diagnoses are made after vascular and other complications have developed.&#10;B) Obesity, cardiovascular changes, insulin resistance, abnormal cholesterol or triglycerides occur.&#10;C) This is usually related to renal disease.&#10;D) Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are health epidemics associated with this.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic syndrome is not usually related to renal disease, but rather a collection of risk factors that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of hypothyroidism?&#10;A) Pulse and blood pressure are raised.&#10;B) The commonest worldwide cause is iodine deficiency.&#10;C) Waxy consistency due to swelling of the skin and underlying tissues.&#10;D) Myxoedema coma with neurological defects occurs with severe hypothyroidism.

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism is characterized by a slowing down of bodily functions, including a decreased heart rate and low blood pressure. Elevated pulse and blood pressure are not characteristic of hypothyroidism.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of hyperthyroidism?&#10;A) raised basal metabolic rate&#10;B) flushed skin and sweating&#10;C) increased cardiac activity&#10;D) reduced sympathetic system activity

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by an increased basal metabolic rate, as well as symptoms such as flushed skin and sweating, and increased cardiac activity. However, it is not associated with reduced sympathetic system activity, as hyperthyroidism often leads to an overactive sympathetic nervous system.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes mellitus is not characteristic of this disease?&#10;A) This usually develops early in life (children, adolescents, young adults).&#10;B) Individuals with this condition do not usually get ketoacidosis.&#10;C) Those with this disorder are dependent on insulin balanced with diet.&#10;D) Regular exercise and monitoring of blood glucose levels is necessary.

Accepted Answer

Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk for developing ketoacidosis due to the lack of insulin production or ineffective insulin use. All other choices are characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 5

The defence mechanisms of the respiratory system include all of the following except ______.&#10;A) mucociliary escalator&#10;B) cough reflex&#10;C) alveolar macrophages&#10;D) haemoglobin

Accepted Answer

Haemoglobin is not a defence mechanism of the respiratory system. It is a protein found in red blood cells that helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The other options listed - mucociliary escalator, cough reflex, and alveolar macrophages - are all mechanisms that help protect the respiratory system from harmful particles and pathogens.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT used as a classification for pneumonia?&#10;A) the causative pathogen&#10;B) the area of infection&#10;C) its ability to spread&#10;D) the setting in which it is acquired

Accepted Answer

Pneumonia classification is based on the causative pathogen, the area of infection, and the setting in which it is acquired (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or healthcare-associated). The ability of pneumonia to spread is not used as a classification. Rather, it is a characteristic of the causative pathogen itself.

Question 7

What is pleural effusion?&#10;A) a small amount of fluid in the pleural cavity&#10;B) no fluid in the pleural cavity&#10;C) an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity&#10;D) air in the pleural cavity

Accepted Answer

Pleural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, which is the space between the lung and the chest wall. It can be caused by various conditions such as congestive heart failure, pneumonia, or cancer. Options A and B are incorrect, as they describe the absence or presence of only a small amount of fluid, respectively. Option D describes pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural cavity.

Question 8

Which of the following is not associated with asthma?&#10;A) allergic response&#10;B) bronchoconstriction&#10;C) bronchial relaxation&#10;D) mast cell activation

Accepted Answer

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, which causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways) and excess mucus production. These responses lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Allergic response, mast cell activation, and bronchoconstriction are all associated with the pathophysiology of asthma, but bronchial relaxation is not.

Question 9

COPD is associated with all of the following except ______.&#10;A) airflow limitation&#10;B) progressive disease&#10;C) emphysema and chronic bronchitis&#10;D) effective gas exchange

Accepted Answer

COPD is characterized by airflow limitation, progressive disease, and the presence of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. However, it is not associated with effective gas exchange, as the damaged airways and alveoli in the lungs make it difficult for oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged effectively.

Deck 7: Disorders of Metabolism ; Disorders of Oxygenation and Carbon Dioxide Elimination