Question 1

Primary hypertension is ______.&#10;A) elevated blood pressure due to another condition&#10;B) elevated blood pressure without evidence of another disease&#10;C) elevated blood pressure due to exercise&#10;D) elevated blood pressure due to hormonal imbalances

Accepted Answer

Primary hypertension, also known as essential hypertension, is elevated blood pressure without evidence of another disease or contributing factor.

Question 2

Causes of heart failure include all of the following except ______.&#10;A) coronary heart disease&#10;B) hypertension&#10;C) diabetes&#10;D) weight loss

Accepted Answer

Weight loss is not a common cause of heart failure. The other choices (coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes) are all known causes of heart failure.

Question 3

Atrial Fibrillation is associated with all of the following except ______.&#10;A) ischaemic heart disease&#10;B) heart failure&#10;C) regular atrial discharge&#10;D) irregular atrial discharge

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation is characterized by irregular and chaotic atrial electrical activity, not regular atrial discharge. Ischaemic heart disease and heart failure are commonly associated with atrial fibrillation.

Question 4

Sudden cardiac death is associated with all of the following except ______.&#10;A) prolonged repolarisation&#10;B) catecholaminergic polymorphic VT&#10;C) inherited cardiomyopathies&#10;D) atrial fibrillation

Accepted Answer

Sudden cardiac death is not typically associated with atrial fibrillation. It is more commonly associated with prolonged repolarisation, catecholaminergic polymorphic VT, and inherited cardiomyopathies.

Question 5

Atrial septal defect is associated with all of the following except ______.&#10;A) atherosclerosis&#10;B) congenital heart abnormality&#10;C) is reversible&#10;D) inadequate growth of the septum secundum

Accepted Answer

Atrial septal defect is not associated with atherosclerosis, which is a buildup of plaque in the arteries and not a congenital heart abnormality. It is usually a congenital heart abnormality where blood flows abnormally from the left atrium to the right atrium due to the inadequate growth of the septum secundum. It can be reversible if detected and treated early.

Question 6

Primary brain injury is all of the following except ______.&#10;A) occurs over hours or days following injury&#10;B) damage that occurs at the time of trauma&#10;C) microscopic damage to blood vessels and neurons&#10;D) is due to the physical effect of mechanical forces

Accepted Answer

Primary brain injury refers to the initial damage that occurs at the time of trauma, which is caused by the physical effect of mechanical forces. It may result in microscopic damage to blood vessels and neurons, but it does not occur over hours or days following the injury.

Question 7

Secondary brain injury can be caused by all of the following except ______.&#10;A) hypotension&#10;B) hypoxemia&#10;C) raised intracranial pressure&#10;D) normal intracranial pressure

Accepted Answer

Normal intracranial pressure (ICP) is not a cause of secondary brain injury. Secondary brain injury occurs after the initial injury and is caused by a cascade of events including hypotension, hypoxemia, and elevated ICP. Normal ICP would not lead to any additional injury.

Question 8

Hydrocephalus is associated with all of the following except ______.&#10;A) enlargement of CSF containing cavities&#10;B) due to impairment of flow of CSF&#10;C) due to increased absorption of CSF&#10;D) due to impairment of absorption of CSF

Accepted Answer

Hydrocephalus is not due to increased absorption of CSF but rather due to impaired flow or impaired absorption of CSF.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT associated with spinal cord injury?&#10;A) paraplegia&#10;B) tetraplegia&#10;C) cerebral oedema&#10;D) central cord syndrome

Accepted Answer

Cerebral oedema is not associated with spinal cord injury. It refers to swelling in the brain and is most commonly associated with traumatic brain injury or stroke. Paraplegia, tetraplegia (also known as quadriplegia), and central cord syndrome are all types of spinal cord injuries that can result in loss of function and mobility.

Question 10

Changes in CSF associated with meningitis include all of the following except ______.&#10;A) low glucose level&#10;B) high white cell count&#10;C) presence of micro-organisms&#10;D) absence of micro-organisms

Accepted Answer

Meningitis is characterized by changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including low glucose levels, high white cell count, and the presence of micro-organisms. The absence of micro-organisms in CSF does not indicate meningitis, as their presence is a key diagnostic criterion for infectious forms of the condition.

Deck 8: Disorders of the Cardiovascular System ; Disorders of Neurological Control