Deck 14: How Do Researchers Develop Deductive Findings Quantitative Data Analysis

Question 1

When data has not been processed for use or analysis it is called ____ data.

A) Quantitative
B) Numeric
C) Raw
D) Qualitative

Answer 1

C

Question 2

____________ is the process of examining, processing, and organizing data to gather information and develop conclusions.

A) Statistics
B) Data analysis
C) Correlation
D) Quantifying

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In quantitative research, data analysis is carried out __________ collection.

A) During
B) Before
C) After
D) Simultaneously with

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is not a factor that quantitative researchers should keep in mind when designing their research?

A) Data decisions can wait until after data have been collected.
B) Statistical techniques that researchers can be used depend on how variables are measured.
C) The size and nature of the sample can impose limits on statistical techniques that can be used.
D) Quantitative analysis is often an iterative process.

Question 5

Quantitative researchers use _______ data to explain complex social phenomenon.

A) Narrative
B) Statistical
C) Numeric
D) Iterative

Question 6

An attribute or characteristic that may vary over time or from case to case is called a(n) _________________.

A) Concept
B) Category
C) Variable
D) Data point

Question 7

Which of the following is not a level of measurement?

A) Continuous
B) Nominal
C) Ratio
D) Interval

Question 8

Variables that are rank-ordered named categories are at the ____________ level of measurement.

A) Nominal
B) Interval
C) Ordinal
D) Ratio

Question 9

A level of measurement with no absolute zero value but with meaningful and consistent distances is _____________.

A) Nominal
B) Interval
C) Ordinal
D) Ratio

Question 10

What is the level of measurement for the following variable? Racial identity measured with the respondent selecting from the following categories: white/Caucasian; black/African American; Latino/a/x; Asian American/Pacific Islander; Native American/Indigenous; Other

A) Nominal
B) Interval
C) Ordinal
D) Ratio

Question 11

In order to perform certain statistical analyses on Likert-scale variables, researchers will assume they are at the ___________level of measurement.

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Question 12

In order for a researcher to calculate an average, the variable must be at the __________ level.

A) Interval or ratio
B) Only ratio
C) Only interval
D) Any level of measurement

Question 13

Tools used to describe and interpret the key features of a data set is called _____________.

A) Quantitative research
B) Inferential statistics
C) Descriptive statistics
D) Data analysis

Question 14

____________ analyze the characteristics of a sample to make conclusions about the population from which it was drawn.

A) Quantitative research
B) Inferential statistics
C) Descriptive statistics
D) Data analysis

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of the statements that Fields' participatory research team drafted based on the data analysis process.

A) There are limited quality resources for women in jail and even fewer resources for monolingual Spanish-speaking women.
B) Women are unwilling to be in relationships with men who disrespect their bodies and sexual health.
C) Women often choose food, money, love, and/or drugs over safer sex
D) Many women of color want to learn about HIV so they can help their children make healthy choices about preventing the virus.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a finding from Chetty et al.'s research on how parental income affects the income levels of black and white children?

A) Hispanic and Asian children have steady rates of upward mobility compared to white children.
B) Whites had about the same level of mobility as other groups.
C) American Indian and Black children have lower rates of upward mobility.
D) Black boys' exposure to some neighborhood factors affected mobility.

Question 17

"62.5% of America's White children grow up in areas with low poverty" is an example of what type of statistic?

A) Descriptive
B) Inferential
C) Quantitative
D) Average

Question 18

Which of the following is not a type of sampling that D'Anna used in her research of Cambodian and Latinx community health needs?

A) Systematic random sampling
B) Multistate cluster sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) All of these

Question 19

D'Anna found that _______ described their family and friends as strong support networks and their cultures as supportive of their health.

A) Latino respondents
B) Both Cambodian and Latino respondents
C) Cambodian respondents
D) White respondents

Question 20

Which group in D'Anna's study had a higher percentage of respondents who rated their health as poor?

A) Latino respondents
B) Cambodian and Latino respondents equally reported this
C) Cambodian respondents
D) White respondents

Question 21

Based on your data analysis, you find that 33% of whites in your sample have never had an interaction with the police compared to 10% of Latinx respondents. Why would it be misleading to end the analysis with this information?

A) You need to know the level of measurement for these variables.
B) You need to know the percentage of whites and Latinx respondents in the overall population.
C) You need to use qualitative methods to understand this phenomenon.
D) None of these.

Question 22

As variables are added to the analysis, the examination of the relationship becomes ______.

A) Less complex
B) Causal
C) Iterative
D) More complex

Question 23

The simplest form of quantitative analysis is _________________.

A) Bivariate analysis
B) Univariate analysis
C) Averages
D) Descriptive

Question 24

This is an example of a _________________. ______________

A) Frequency table
B) Quantitative table
C) Contingency table
D) Dispersion

Question 25

The percentage column in a frequency table should add up to ____________.

A) 1
B) N
C) None of these
D) 100%

Question 26

With nominal or ordinal level variables, which chart is most appropriate?

A) Bar chart only
B) Pie chart only
C) Line graph
D) Bar chart or pie chart

Question 27

A measure designed to represent the central value in a set of scores is called _______________

A) Mean
B) Measures of central tendency
C) Measures of dispersion
D) Median

Question 28

The sum of all numbers in a distribution divided by the total number of scores is called the ___________.

A) Median
B) Standard deviation
C) Mode
D) Mean

Question 29

For which type of variable can the mode be calculated?

A) Nominal
B) All of these
C) Ordinal
D) Interval/ratio

Question 30

For which type of variable can the mean be calculated?

A) Nominal
B) All of these
C) Ordinal
D) Interval/ratio

Question 31

An extreme value (either very high or very low) in a distribution of scores that can distort the mean and the range is called a(n)__________.

A) Standard deviation
B) Median
C) Outlier
D) Variable

Question 32

The midpoint in a set of scores arranged in numerical order is the _________.

A) Median
B) Standard deviation
C) Mode
D) Mean

Question 33

For which type of variable can the mean be calculated?

A) Ratio
B) All of these
C) Ordinal
D) Interval

Question 34

What is the median in this set of scores: 3 5 6 8 11 2 1 0 0 10 4 7 7

A) 5
B) 7
C) 6
D) Hypothesis

Question 35

What is the mean in this set of scores: 3 5 6 8 11 2 1 0 0 10 4 7 7

A) 7.02
B) 6.11
C) 4.4
D) 4.92

Question 36

Based on the mean and median of this distribution, it is clear that the distribution is ____________.

A) Positively skewed
B) Symmetrical
C) Negatively skewed
D) Skewed

Question 37

A distribution in which the values do you not cluster around the center of the set but instead are in an extreme in one direction or another is _________.

A) Positively skewed
B) Symmetrical
C) Negatively skewed
D) Skewed

Question 38

The degree of variability of values in a sample is called ___________.

A) Dispersion
B) Range
C) The average
D) Standard deviation

Question 39

For which type of variable can measures of dispersion be calculated?

A) Nominal
B) All of these
C) Ordinal
D) Interval/ratio

Question 40

How scores are dispersed around the mean is referred to as the ___________.

A) Range
B) Variability
C) Deviation
D) Standard deviation

Question 41

When researchers analyze the relationship or differences between two variables, they are conducting a(n) _____________.

A) Univariate analysis
B) Frequency table
C) Measure of dispersion
D) Bivariate analysis

Question 42

The variable that has or is assumed to have an influence on another variable is the ______________.

A) Causal variable
B) Independent variable
C) Dependent variable
D) Ordinal variable

Question 43

In the following hypothesis, what is the dependent variable: Men are more likely to oppose marijuana legalization than women

A) Opinion about legalization of marijuana
B) Opposing marijuana
C) Sex
D) Women

Question 44

Perry found that as ___________ increased, ______________ decreased.

A) Interracial dating; church attendance
B) Church attendance; support for marijuana legalization
C) Support for marijuana legalization; church attendance
D) Church attendance; interracial dating

Question 45

Bunch and team found that people who had been victimized engaged in higher-risk behaviors. This was a _________ relationship.

A) Contingent
B) Causal
C) Spurious
D) Positive

Question 46

The examination of relationships among three or more variables is called ___________.

A) Statistical analysis
B) Univariate analysis
C) Spurious
D) Multivariate analysis

Question 47

An unobserved variable that can explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables and may be a cause of the dependent variable is called a(n) ______________ variable.

A) Intervening
B) Interaction
C) Independent
D) Control

Question 48

The process of examining, processing, and organizing data to gather information and develop conclusions from it is known as statistical tools.

Question 49

Raw data is data that has been collected and processed for analysis.

Question 50

Nominal variables are rank-ordered named categories.

Question 51

Religion measured by denomination is an example of an ordinal variable.

Question 52

Interval-ratio level variables are the highest level of measurement, allowing for the widest range of analysis techniques.

Question 53

The way that a variable is measured determines what type of statistical analysis can be used.

Question 54

Likert-scale variables can be treated as though they produce interval-ratio variables.

Question 55

Descriptive statistics are tools used to analyse the characteristics of a sample to make assumptions about the larger population.

Question 56

The following is an example of an inferential statistic: "55% of the sample was Cambodian, while 45% were Latinx."

Question 57

D'Anna and team generalized their findings using inferential statistics.

Question 58

Univariate analysis is the simplest form of quantitative analysis and focuses on one variable at a time.

Question 59

In a pie chart, the height of each bar represents the number of people in each category.

Question 60

It is appropriate to calculate the median for a variable regardless of the level of measurement.

Question 61

The mean is the value that occurs most frequently in a set of scores.

Question 62

An outlier is an extreme high value in a distribution of scores with the potential to distort the mean and the range

Question 63

In the following distribution, the median is 45 :
27, 31, 55, 45, 76, 12, 41

Question 64

Dispersion relates to the degree of variability of values in a sample.

Question 65

A standard deviation of 0 would indicate that there was no difference between the individual scores in a distribution and the mean.

Question 66

If both the independent and dependent variables are interval/ratio, you cannot use a chi-square χ^2.

Question 67

Elder and Greene's bivariate analysis of gender and support for marijuana legalization found that men were more liberal than women on most of the measures indicating support for legalization.

Question 68

Perry found a weak relationship between church attendance and views on interracial dating.

Question 69

When a relationship is found between two variables, this does not indicate that one variable is causing change in the other.

Question 70

Multivariate analysis refers to a non-causal relationship between variables that can be attributed to the impact of a third variable.

Question 71

An intervening variable is an unobserved variable that can explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variable and may itself be a cause of the dependent variable.

Question 72

What main factors determine what statistical tools a researcher can use?

Question 73

Why is it important for researchers to think about the analysis they want to do when they are designing their study?

Question 74

Describe the iterative nature of quantitative analysis. How does this iterative nature shape the findings achieved in quantitative data analysis?

Question 75

Describe the three levels of measurement with an example of each. Why is it important to understand the level of measurement?

Question 76

Choose a variable that could be measured at different levels of measurement. Explain how the variable would work at the nominal, ordinal, and interval-ratio level.

Question 77

How are descriptive and inferential statistics different from each other? What can a researcher understand using descriptive statistics compared to when they use inferential statistics?

Question 78

What were the two main research questions explored by Chetty et al.? What did they find? Was this study based on inferential or descriptive statistics? How can you tell?

Question 79

Describe D'Anna and teams' study of community health needs. How did they gather their data? What were the major findings? Why was a mixed methods approach important?

Question 80

Why would we describe statistics as an analytical tool rather than just a set of mathematical equations? Use an example from the text.