Deck 13: How Do Researchers Develop Inductive Findings Qualitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Who wrote "Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose?"

A) Dorothy Smith
B) C. Wright Mills
C) Zora Neale Hurston
D) Max Weber

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ are general or abstract ideas that serve to organize observations and ideas about some aspect of the social world.

A) Variables
B) Concepts
C) Categories
D) Indicators

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A cluster or collection of instances that share characteristics or features are called ___________.

A) Variables
B) Concepts
C) Categories
D) Indicators

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Researchers largely feel that ______________ is undesirable because of the ___________ method of qualitative research.

A) Codification; interpretive
B) Interpretation; codified
C) Codification; structured
D) Structure; codified

Question 5

What is the first step of organizing qualitative data?

A) Organize files by data collection method.
B) Quantitative analysis
C) First step is to make sure all interviews have been transcribed and all field notes are written up.
D) Secondary data analysis

Question 6

Data can be organized in which of the following ways?

A) Chronological
B) By data collection method
C) All of these
D) By type of participant

Question 7

Organizing data chronologically is best when _________________.

A) The researcher needs to consider the data in the order it happened.
B) The researcher wants to see what patterns emerge by type of data.
C) The researcher wants to see what patterns emerge by respondent.
D) None of these

Question 8

Fields and team focused their participatory action research on _________________.

A) Incarceration experiences of women of color
B) Incarceration experiences of women of color
C) HIV education with incarcerated women of color
D) HIV education with incarcerated white women

Question 9

In Fields and team's research, ________________ were 1 or 2 page documents noting any challenges or achievements, as well as items needed for the next workshop.

A) Field notes
B) Notes-on-notes
C) Progress notes
D) Analytic memos

Question 10

_______________ were what Fields and team referred to as "analytic memos."

A) Field notes
B) Notes-on-notes
C) Progress notes
D) Preps

Question 11

The process that researchers use to categorize data in order to facilitate analysis is known as _______________.

A) Field notes
B) Iterations
C) Organizing
D) Coding

Question 12

When research happens in multiple steps what are completed repeatedly and systematically, it is an _____________ process.

A) Deductive
B) Inductive
C) Iterative
D) Repetitive

Question 13

In the process of analyzing her field notes data, Dr. Jones noticed a new theme that emerged. She then uses this new theme to approach the next phase of data collection. This is an example of the ____________ process of qualitative research.

A) Iterative
B) Inductive
C) Deductive
D) Repetitive

Question 14

A ________ iterative process involves the researcher repeating the same steps in the same order multiple times.

A) Reflexive
B) Qualitative
C) Rigid
D) Accurate

Question 15

A ________ iterative process involves the researcher analyzing data throughout the collection process.

A) Reflexive
B) Qualitative
C) Rigid
D) Accurate

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the statements that Fields' participatory research team drafted based on the data analysis process.

A) There are limited quality resources for women in jail and even fewer resources for monolingual Spanish-speaking women.
B) Women are unwilling to be in relationships with men who disrespect their bodies and sexual health.
C) Women often choose food, money, love, and/or drugs over safer sex
D) Many women of color want to learn about HIV so they can help their children make healthy choices about preventing the virus.

Question 17

After drafting the statements based on the data analysis, Fields and her research team next shared them with _________________.

A) Administrators in the jail
B) Incarcerated women
C) Other researchers
D) None of these

Question 18

__________ allow the researcher to reflect upon and keep track of what is happening or being conveyed in the data.

A) Codes
B) Field notes
C) Analytic memos
D) Labels

Question 19

Which of the following is a question suggested by Lofland and Lofland when developing codes?

A) What are people doing?
B) What do people say they are doing?
C) What does this behavior represent?
D) All of these

Question 20

According to Lofland and Lofland, coding should happen _______________.

A) After data collection is completely finished
B) As soon as possible, while data collection is underway
C) Before data collection starts as a way to organize findings
D) None of these

Question 21

Lofland and Lofland suggest that in the early stages of analysis, ___________.

A) It is possible to have too many codes.
B) Researchers shouldn't worry about generating too many codes.
C) Coding should be streamlined and trimmed.
D) Researchers should keep the number of codes limited.

Question 22

Coffey and Atkinson point to _______ levels of coding.

A) Five
B) Three
C) Six
D) Unlimited

Question 23

The first level of coding according to Coffey and Atkinson is _________ coding.

A) Deeper awareness
B) Non-literal
C) Iterative
D) Basic

Question 24

The third level of coding moves away from the __________.

A) Descriptive
B) Literal
C) Abstract
D) Iterative

Question 25

An approach to qualitative data analysis in which data collection and analysis proceed iteratively to produce a theoretical understanding is known as ________.

A) Grounded theory
B) Iterative analysis
C) Field notes
D) In-depth interviewing

Question 26

The process of grounded theory is marked by _______________ of new and existing data within a particular concept.

A) Challenges
B) Repetitiveness
C) None of these
D) Constant comparison

Question 27

The point at which emerging concepts have been fully explored and no new insights are generated is known as _______________.

A) Grounded theory
B) Theoretical sampling
C) Exiting the field
D) Theoretical saturation

Question 28

When cases are selected by emerging theoretical considerations and repeated, this is known as ___________________.

A) Grounded theory
B) Theoretical sampling
C) Exiting the field
D) Theoretical saturation

Question 29

Which of the following is an aim of theoretical sampling?

A) To get a large sample
B) To generalize findings to the larger population
C) To sample until the researcher has achieved conceptual breadth
D) To develop a homogenous group

Question 30

When researchers are assigning codes in grounded theory, the aim first is to _______________.

A) Look back on multiple codes that were assigned to identify and describe patterns
B) Describe what is happening in their data
C) Identify recurring situations
D) None of these

Question 31

An early stage of qualitative analysis in which the researcher stays close to the data and generates concepts is called ________________.

A) Line-by-ling coding
B) Open coding
C) Axial coding
D) Focused coding

Question 32

An in-depth method of analysis in which the research applies a code to every line of fieldnotes or transcripts is called _______________.

A) Line-by-ling coding
B) Open coding
C) Axial coding
D) Focused coding

Question 33

____________ coding is a process in qualitative data analysis of relating codes to one another with the aim of making connections between concepts and categories.

A) Line-by-ling coding
B) Open coding
C) Axial coding
D) Focused coding

Question 34

The formal and systemic application of most frequently occurring or compelling codes to qualitative data is called ______________.

A) Line-by-ling coding
B) Open coding
C) Axial coding
D) Focused coding

Question 35

A ___________ subsumes two or more concepts.

A) Category
B) Concept
C) Property
D) Hypothesis

Question 36

Which of the following is not a part of the grounded theory process?

A) Categories become saturated in the course of the coding process.
B) The researcher codes data and may generate concepts with open coding.
C) The researcher explores relationships among categories and develops working hypotheses.
D) Researchers develop formal theory.

Question 37

A brief written exploration of concepts, questions, and emerging analysis is called a(n) _____________.

A) Field notes
B) Analytic memo
C) Coding scheme
D) Line-by-line coding

Question 38

Charmaz identified that the men with chronic illnesses used various methods of approaching and resolving the assault on their traditional masculine self-images. She termed this _____________.

A) Toxic masculinity
B) Chronic management
C) Identity dilemmas
D) Identify shifts

Question 39

Which of the following is not a limitation of grounded theory?

A) Researchers can be overwhelmed with digital files.
B) Researchers cannot realistically have a theory-neutral approach.
C) Tight deadlines make it difficult to have the time to develop grounded theory.
D) Data may become too fragmented.

Question 40

What did the author's identify as being central to a participatory action research approach, particularly in Fields et al.'s work?

A) Emotion
B) Validity
C) Trust
D) Respect

Question 41

A limiting factor of using oral histories for secondary analysis is _____________.

A) Privileged people are more likely to have their stories preserved.
B) It is risky for privileged people to share their stories.
C) They may be too in-depth with detail.
D) Oral histories are not focused on one topic.

Question 42

Searching for and analyzing stories that people tell in order to understand their lives and the social world is known as ________________.

A) Qualitative research
B) Field research
C) Grounded theory
D) Narrative analysis

Question 43

____________ looks at the dialogue between the storyteller and the listener.

A) Performative analysis
B) Structural analysis
C) Thematic analysis
D) Interactional analysis

Question 44

When researchers focus their intersectional analysis on the experiences of marginalized people and communities, they are using a _______ practice.

A) System-centered
B) Group-centered
C) Process-centered
D) Concept-centered

Question 45

An intersectional analysis that focuses on sites of oppression and inequality as always intersecting and relating to one another, according to Choo and Ferree, is known as _______________.

A) System-centered
B) Group-centered
C) Process-centered
D) Concept-centered

Question 46

Which of the following is not a concern from Riessman about fragmentation?

A) The coding method can fragment the data
B) Some forms of data may not be suitable for coding
C) A narrative analysis might be a better fit
D) Some topics are not appropriate for coding.

Question 47

An unexpected finding from Whitehead's research on women with anorexia was _________________.

A) Practices by women with eating disorders reproduce dominant norms.
B) The collective identity of women with eating disorders is gendered.
C) Some women with anorexia or bulimia do not want to change their eating habits.
D) None of these

Question 48

Which type of technology is most appropriate for qualitative analysis?

A) Laptops
B) Smartphones
C) Colored pens
D) All of these

Question 49

Which of the following is not a reason to use CAQDAS when analyzing qualitative research?

A) CAQDAS software is not compatible for grounded theory.
B) It may be just as easy to use word-processing software to do the work.
C) The value of qualitative data may be diminished by quantifying it.
D) Data can be too fragmented.

Question 50

Because of its interpretive nature, there are not highly codified procedures in qualitative analysis.

Question 51

A common concern for qualitative research is not having enough data.

Question 52

The first step of qualitative data analysis is organizing the data.

Question 53

In Fields and team's research, field notes and progress notes were basically the same thing.

Question 54

Coding is the process researchers use to categorize data to facilitate analysis.

Question 55

The iterative process of qualitative research applies only to the data collection process.

Question 56

It is a good idea to start coding while you are still collecting data.

Question 57

One mistake researchers make is generating too many codes in the early stages of analysis.

Question 58

Generally any one interaction should be coded with a single code.

Question 59

There is no one correct approach to coding data.

Question 60

According to Coffey and Atkinson, third level coding involves a deeper awareness of the content of what people say and the organization of the social setting or conditions being studied.

Question 61

Grounded theory is approach where theory is the starting point which shapes data collection.

Question 62

Theoretical saturation refers to the point at which emerging concepts have been fully explored and no new insights are generated.

Question 63

Open coding is undertaken by putting data back together in new ways to make connections between categories.

Question 64

Focused coding refers to the systematic application of most frequently occurring or compelling codes to qualitative data.

Question 65

Charmaz used axial coding in her study of men with chronic but not terminal illnesses.

Question 66

By applying insights generated in the ground theory process to different settings, researchers generate substantive theory.

Question 67

Researchers use analytic memos to reminder themselves of what concepts or categories refer to during the analysis process.

Question 68

Charmaz developed the notion of "identity dilemmas" which are ways that men approach and possibly resolve assaults on their traditionally masculine self-images.

Question 69

Researchers are expected to aim for theory-neutral observation when developing grounded theory.

Question 70

Narrative analysis is a way for researchers to deal with the challenge of fragmentation in qualitative coding.

Question 71

Structural narrative analysis focuses on what is said rather than how it is said.

Question 72

An example of an intersectional framework would be considering how gender and race impact the experience of poverty.

Question 73

Qualitative researchers agree that using CAQDAS is the best way to analyse qualitative data.

Question 74

An advantage of using CAQDAS is that it enhances the transparency of qualitative data analysis.

Question 75

What does it mean to say that research is "all about poking and prying with a purpose?"

Question 76

What are the first steps in analysing qualitative data?

Question 77

Describe the iterative nature of qualitative analysis. How does this iterative nature shape the findings achieved in qualitative data analysis?

Question 78

Describe what coding is and what the coding process entails.

Question 79

What are the three levels of coding described by Coffey and Atkinson (1996)? Provide an example of each. How are the levels related to each other?

Question 80

What are the main features of grounded theory?