Deck 9: Sex, Gender, and Work

Question 1

Expectations for one's behavior based on one's position in society are called

A) roles.
B) sanctions.
C) stereotypes.
D) social class.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Francine has just graduated high school and is trying to determine what she wants to major in during college. Her uncle suggests she study nursing rather than engineering, because it would "suit her better" based on the tradition of women in the family going into nursing. The suggestion that Francine should go into nursing best illustrates

A) prejudice.
B) oppression.
C) gender roles.
D) sex differences.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Men and boys are generally thought to be strong and good at math. This illustrates

A) gender stereotypes.
B) gender roles.
C) gender sanctions.
D) all of these.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Most of the rapid changes in the male-female makeup of the US labor force occurred in the

A) 18ᵗʰcentury (1700s).
B) 19ᵗʰcentury (1800s).
C) 20ᵗʰcentury (1900s).
D) 21ᵗʰ century (2000s).

Question 5

Which of these is correct?

A) Currently women complete more educational degrees at all levels than men do.
B) Men constitute just over half of the present US workforce.
C) Despite federal laws, the gender wage gap still persists.
D) All of these.

Question 6

Results of research on sex differences

A) in social behavior and personality traits are often heavily influenced by gender-based expectations.
B) show that "helpfulness" differences depend on the situation assessed.
C) in cognitive abilities usually show small or no differences.
D) all of these.

Question 7

Among the causes of sex discrimination, ______ factors are based on the culturally-influenced behavior of individuals and _______ factors are based on the structures and practices of an organization.

A) legal; unlawful.
B) primary; secondary
C) individual; social
D) stereotypical; role

Question 8

Are there sex differences in leadership?

A) Yes, with men being more effective overall.
B) No.
C) Yes, depending on the situation; women and men are equally effective as leaders.
D) This has not been investigated.

Question 9

Systematic sex discrimination is often hard to detect because

A) individuals are impacted one at a time and each case may be unique.
B) of denial of personal discrimination.
C) employees often have limited comparative information.
D) all of these.

Question 10

What is the underlying assumption of sexism?

A) Men are inferior to women.
B) Sexism can only be directed towards women.
C) Women are inferior to men.
D) Sexism is usually benevolent.

Question 11

In Glick & Fiske's (2001) review of research, women ______ hostile sexism; often, they _______ benevolent sexism

A) rejected; also rejected
B) rejected; agreed with
C) agreed with; rejected
D) agreed with; also agreed with

Question 12

Which of these survey items might reflect Modern Sexism?

A) Women are usually inferior to men.
B) Women have the same rights as men and are not victims of discrimination.
C) I would not hire a woman if she wore pants to an interview.
D) All of these.

Question 13

Karen's coworker John always helps her carry things he perceives to be too heavy for her before she can even try to pick them up. He often makes jokes that women should not do heavy lifting because they might break their backs. This is an example of what?

A) benevolent sexism
B) hostile sexism
C) harassment
D) objectification

Question 14

Which of the following is a law that covers sex discrimination?

A) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) Equal Pay Act
C) Pregnancy Discrimination Act
D) all of the above

Question 15

Are women less successful at negotiating than men?

A) Sometimes, but actual differences are complex and situation-specific.
B) Yes, due to lack of assertiveness.
C) Yes, even when negotiating on behalf of others.
D) We do not know, because most negotiations are private.

Question 16

Which of these examples is not discussed in your text as an example of legal action to address gender-based discrimination?

A) settlement by a grocery chain that denied a woman a sales position "because it was too dangerous for a woman."
B) cases brought against Hooters by men who were denied jobs.
C) suit on behalf of a new mother who was denied paid lactation leave.
D) a case against a church whose interim rector allegedly made unwelcome sexual comments and advances.

Question 17

Which of these is incorrect about sexual harassment?

A) about 85% of complaints are filed by women, but complaints by men are increasing.
B) young people may be especially vulnerable because of their short work history, lack of understanding about their rights, and low-power positions.
C) in restaurants, employees are legally protected from sexual harassment by other employees, but not by customers.
D) sexual harassment is more common when environments are highly sexualized, or when gender balance is very unequal.

Question 18

Employers concerned about organizational liability for sexual harassment claims should

A) follow the EEOC's policies on harassment-free workplaces.
B) publicize one and only one clear route for filing complaints.
C) develop, communicate, and follow a clear policy defining sexual harassment and the process for filing a complaint.
D) hire an in-house lawyer to deal with all sexual harassment complaints.

Question 19

What are the three broad ways of coping in response to discrimination or harassment?

A) seeking help, rumination, and fighting
B) self-silencing, lack of fit, and tokenism
C) appraisal-focused, problem-focused, and emotion-focused
D) denial, anger, and acceptance

Question 20

Coworkers Kimmie and Tommy recently signed an agreement from the employee handbook specifying that neither would seek/accept a supervisory position over the other and that both would avoid workplace displays of affection, as well as some other policies governing their relationship and potential break-up. What is the informal term for such an agreement?

A) a Love Contract
B) a nepotism agreement
C) a formal office relationship contract
D) an office romance binder

Question 21

Lisa and Marq both love their jobs and are very devoted to their respective companies. Both are interested in long-term development, such as promotions and pay raises. The couple feels their work is equally important and that neither person's work is subordinate to the other's. What is the term for their relationship?

A) dual-earner
B) ideal-income
C) dual-career
D) ideal-working

Question 22

The "ideal worker"

A) is available 24/7 and committed first to employer needs.
B) represents an especially stressful expectation for dual-career couples.
C) for families, requires a secondary partner at home, who is often a woman.
D) all of these.

Question 23

What percentage of part-time workers are women?

A) 35%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 85%

Question 24

Contingent workers are

A) not part of the "core" workforce and often do not have employee benefits.
B) temporary, on-call, or contracted workers.
C) about 30-40% of the US workforce.
D) all of these.

Question 25

Which is incorrect about workplace intimate partner violence?

A) Most victims are women.
B) Most companies have policies in place to deal with this problem.
C) Employers can experience significant costs when an employee is an abuser or a victim.
D) CAEPV's "best practice" policy includes supervisor training, developing security protocols, and referral to external counseling when appropriate.

Question 26

Studies show that wages and advancement are negatively impacted by

A) fatherhood.
B) motherhood.
C) marriage.
D) all of these.

Question 27

The motherhood penalty probably reflects

A) low status of caretaking roles.
B) lack of conformity to the "ideal worker" image.
C) flexibility stigma.
D) all of these.

Question 28

What are the three types of work-life conflict?

A) strain-based, time-based, and behavior-based
B) personally-based, family-based, and relationship-based
C) pregnancy-specific, fatherhood-specific, and caretaking-specific
D) spillover, flexibility stigma, and segmentation

Question 29

What factors have affected women's and men's labor force participation since the Industrial Revolution?

Question 30

Should the sexes be seen as fundamentally different or the same in work-related attributes? Justify your answer.

Question 31

Distinguish between primary and secondary causes of sex discrimination and suggest what kinds of things can be done to reduce this inequity.

Question 32

Explain why it can be difficult to determine whether differences in outcomes for men and women are justified.

Question 33

Distinguish between hostile and benevolent sexism. Why is benevolent sexism particularly difficult to identify and correct?

Question 34

What are the major federal laws barring sex discrimination? What factors limit the effectiveness of these laws in dealing with sex discrimination, especially pay discrimination?

Question 35

Are men better salary negotiators than women? Support your answer based on research discussed in the text.

Question 36

Give actual examples of sex discrimination in hiring and promotion.

Question 37

What does the Pregnancy Discrimination Act require? Give some actual examples of employment discrimination on the basis of pregnancy.

Question 38

What is the rationale for accommodating nursing mothers in the workplace? What accommodations are recommended?

Question 39

What factors lead to sexual harassment in the workplace? How should employers act to prevent and correct sexual harassment?

Question 40

What patterns have been found in victims' reactions to sexism and discrimination?

Question 41

What can employers do to prevent problems from romantic relationships that occur at work?

Question 42

What is the "ideal worker" and how is this related to stresses for employees and their families?

Question 43

What is "contingent work" and how is it related to diversity and inclusion at work?

Question 44

Why should employers and diversity professionals be informed about domestic violence as a workplace concern? Describe some best practices for dealing with this problem.

Question 45

How is motherhood related to employment outcomes for women?

Question 46

What is the Stereotype Content Model and how does it apply to perceptions of working men and women?

Question 47

How is the caretaking role related to work outcomes for women and men? What is "family responsibility discrimination?"

Question 48

What are work-life conflict and work-life facilitation? What four processes occur in the relationship between work and life responsibilities?

Question 49

How can employees manage the conflict they experience between work and non-work domains?