Question 1

A theory that is falsifiable is:&#10;A) correct.&#10;B) incorrect.&#10;C) requires &#34;big data&#34; to be evaluated.&#10;D) None of these.

Accepted Answer

A theory being falsifiable means it can be tested and potentially proven wrong, not that it is inherently correct, incorrect, or requires "big data" to evaluate. Falsifiability is a criterion for the scientific validity of a theory, proposed by philosopher Karl Popper, indicating that a theory must be testable by empirical observation and capable of being proven false.

Question 2

Feyerabend is most associated with the idea of:&#10;A) falsification.&#10;B) methodological anarchy/against methods.&#10;C) scientific paradigms.&#10;D) normal science and revolutions.

Accepted Answer

Feyerabend was most associated with the idea of methodological anarchy, which disagreed with the idea of there being a single, universal method for scientific inquiry. Instead, Feyerabend believed that there should be a diversity of methods, and that scientists should be free to choose whichever methods worked best for them in their specific research contexts, even if these methods were unconventional or appeared to contradict established scientific theories or paradigms.

Question 3

The US Supreme Court, in Daubert 1993, said that for a scientific theory to admissible via expert testimony:&#10;A) that p < .05.&#10;B) that the theory is falsifiable.&#10;C) that the theory is provable.&#10;D) that the theory is understood by the lay person.

Accepted Answer

The Daubert ruling required that scientific testimony must be based on theories that are falsifiable, meaning that they can be tested and potentially proven false through empirical evidence. This requirement helps ensure that expert testimony is based on sound scientific principles rather than speculation or conjecture. The other answer choices are not accurate requirements for scientific testimony to be admissible in court.

Question 4

Wundt's V&#246;lkerpsychologie is most similar to which of the following?&#10;A) Biological Psychology&#10;B) Experimental Psychology&#10;C) Germanic Psychology&#10;D) Societal Psychology

Accepted Answer

Wundt's Völkerpsychologie is the study of cultural and societal psychology, therefore it is most similar to Societal Psychology.

Question 5

HARKING refers to:&#10;A) hypothesizing after results are known.&#10;B) making a sound like a bird call during a discovery (i.e., a Eureka moment).&#10;C) thinking back about how a study could have been designed in a better way.&#10;D) None of these.

Accepted Answer

HARKING stands for "hypothesizing after results are known," which refers to the practice of formulating or altering hypotheses based on the data after the study has been conducted.

Question 6

Erich von D&#228;niken's ancient alien hypothesis is often considered unscientific because:&#10;A) it is wrong.&#10;B) it is not falsifiable.&#10;C) research based on this hypothesis has not been published.&#10;D) he does not specify where the aliens are from and therefore his findings cannot be confirmed by astronomers.

Accepted Answer

The ancient alien hypothesis is not considered scientific because it is not falsifiable. This means that it cannot be tested or proven false through observable evidence. This does not necessarily mean that the hypothesis is automatically wrong, but it does mean that it cannot be considered a scientific theory.

Question 7

The conventional alpha is .05. If a lower value, like .001, becomes the convention and nothing else changes with the research design, this will likely lead to:&#10;A) more type 1 errors.&#10;B) more type 2 errors.&#10;C) more spurious publications.&#10;D) more research published.

Accepted Answer

Lowering the alpha level decreases the likelihood of committing a type 1 error (false positive), but increases the likelihood of committing a type 2 error (false negative) as the researcher requires stronger evidence to reject the null hypothesis. This can lead to fewer significant findings and more difficulty detecting true effects, potentially leading to more type 2 errors. However, it may also increase the overall rigor of the research and reduce the likelihood of spurious publications.

Question 8

&#34;p-fishing&#34; refers to scientists:&#10;A) getting funding from un-named sources.&#10;B) trying multiple ways to analyze data and only reporting those consistent with what they want.&#10;C) not using large enough samples for their research.&#10;D) None of these.

Accepted Answer

"P-fishing" or "P-hacking" refers to the practice of trying multiple ways to analyze data and only reporting those consistent with what the scientists want. It is a type of scientific misconduct that can lead to false or exaggerated results.

Question 9

Find p < .05 means that:&#10;A) your study worked and you discovered something.&#10;B) the size of the effect is large enough to be newsworthy.&#10;C) you know the likely direction of the effect that you investigated.&#10;D) you need to collect more data so that the p value is lower.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Find p < .05 means that:&#10;A) your...

Question 10

Those advocating for pre-registration believe it will:&#10;A) discourage researchers from trying several methods to analyse data, finding one that is consistent with their theory, and acting as if this was the only one in which they were interested.&#10;B) discourage researchers from paying participants too much compensation, thereby questioning whether the study is truly voluntary.&#10;C) discourage researchers from conducting research that is similar, or even a direct replication, of previous research.&#10;D) None of these.

Accepted Answer

Pre-registration requires researchers to declare their hypotheses and planned methods before conducting the study. This encourages transparency and reduces the likelihood of researchers selectively reporting only methods and analyses that support their preconceived ideas.

Question 11

Exercise 4 had you consider a study where use of traditional statistics showed a dead salmon reacted to human emotions. This study most clearly shows the problem with:&#10;A) creating fraudulent data.&#10;B) testing multiple hypotheses without taking this into account.&#10;C) &#34;publish or perish.&#34;&#10;D) the ethical treatment of animals in research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exercise 4 had you consider a study...

Question 12

Fraudulent data/research practice can be detected and reported:&#10;A) prior to publication of research by members of the research team (including participants).&#10;B) prior to publication of research by reviewers and editors, and for student submissions by faculty.&#10;C) after publication (or grading) by anyone, include data forensic specialists.&#10;D) All of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fraudulent data/research practice can be detected and...

Question 13

Isaac Asimov's phrase: &#34;The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka' but 'That's funny' &#34; was presented to show:&#10;A) that science does not proceed in simple predictable ways.&#10;B) that science does proceed in simple predicable ways.&#10;C) that science is fun.&#10;D) that science is funny.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Isaac Asimov's phrase: &#34;The most exciting phrase...

Question 14

Which of the following reasons best explain the growth of qualitative methods in the UK?&#10;A) They undermined quantitative methods&#10;B) Researchers recognised they were more useful than quantitative methods&#10;C) They were increasingly seen to be legitimate for answering some research questions&#10;D) All of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following reasons best explain...

Question 15

Which of the following is least associated with objectivity?&#10;A) Transparency&#10;B) Consensus&#10;C) Impartiality&#10;D) Awareness of multiple perspectives

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is least associated...

Question 16

What do ethnographic studies of natural scientists working in laboratories show?&#10;A) The objectivity of science&#10;B) Bias in measurement can be minimized&#10;C) Scientists make active choices&#10;D) Facts can be separated from opinions

Accepted Answer

The answer of What do ethnographic studies of natural scientists...

Question 17

Which concept is most applicable when considering replication of qualitative research?&#10;A) Reproducibility&#10;B) Particularity&#10;C) Generalizability&#10;D) Transparency

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which concept is most applicable when considering...

Question 18

Transparency of qualitative research has implications for:&#10;A) sharing data.&#10;B) providing access to information about analysis.&#10;C) providing information about how methods were selected.&#10;D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Transparency of qualitative research has implications for:&#10;A)...

Question 19

Which of the following statements is most problematic?&#10;A) Quantitative psychology has adopted many of its research tenets from the natural sciences.&#10;B) The distinction between qualitative and quantitative research methods can often be blurred.&#10;C) Decisions about assigning priorities for research funding are value-free.&#10;D) Epistemological pluralism cuts across qualitative - quantitative distinctions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is most...

Deck 6: Psychology As a Science: What Is Science