Question 1

Overall, the self-development literature suggests that&#10;A) the importance of self-efficacy was overlooked by early researchers who overestimated the relative importance of self-esteem&#10;B) American research on self-esteem is cross-culturally valid&#10;C) self-concept during adolescence is relatively stable and uninfluenced situationally&#10;D) self-esteem is a more important developmental quality that self-efficacy

Accepted Answer

The self-development literature suggests that the importance of self-efficacy was initially underestimated by researchers who placed excessive emphasis on self-esteem. In fact, current research suggests that self-efficacy may be a more powerful predictor of success than self-esteem, particularly in challenging or stressful situations. American research on self-esteem may not be universally applicable, and self-concept during adolescence can be influenced by a variety of situational factors.

Question 2

Which of the following researchers developed Identity Economics?&#10;A) Richard Lerner&#10;B) George Akerlof&#10;C) Daphna Oyserman&#10;D) Meg Jay

Accepted Answer

George Akerlof, along with Rachel Kranton, developed the concept of Identity Economics, which combines insights from economics and psychology to understand how identity influences economic behavior.

Question 3

What does the co-constructivist intervention model seek to accomplish?&#10;A) the exploration of identity alternatives&#10;B) an increase in agentic capacities&#10;C) teaching critical problem-solving skills&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The co-constructivist intervention model seeks to accomplish all of the above- exploration of identity alternatives, an increase in agentic capacities, and teaching critical problem-solving skills. This model focuses on collaboration and interaction between the therapist and client in order to create new meaning and understanding. By exploring identity alternatives, the client gains a better understanding of themselves and their place in the world. By increasing agentic capacities, the client becomes more empowered and able to take control of their life. And by teaching critical problem-solving skills, the client is better equipped to navigate challenges and obstacles they may encounter in the future.

Question 4

Which of the following is considered the most severe?&#10;A) identity disorder&#10;B) identity problem&#10;C) identity distress&#10;D) identity confusion

Accepted Answer

Identity disorder is considered the most severe among the options because it typically involves significant disruptions in a person's sense of identity, potentially requiring clinical intervention, unlike the other terms which may refer to less severe experiences of identity issues.

Question 5

Research suggests that contemporary colleges and universities have created a choice overload whereby&#10;A) more students are taking longer to finish their studies&#10;B) more students graduate with no grand plan to direct them&#10;C) stress levels, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders are on the rise&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that contemporary colleges and universities have created a choice overload, which leads to more students taking longer to finish their studies. Additionally, students graduate with no grand plan to direct them, which increases stress levels, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. Therefore, option D, all of the above, is the best choice.

Question 6

Which of the following contexts does research suggest contributes most to young peoples' moral reasoning development?&#10;A) schools, through counseling&#10;B) faith communities, through group prayer&#10;C) families, through certain parenting styles&#10;D) high school cliques

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that families, through certain parenting styles, contribute the most to young people's moral reasoning development. This includes parenting styles that are warm, responsive, and involve reasonable levels of discipline and guidance. While schools, faith communities, and peers can also have an influence, the family context has consistently been found to be the most significant factor. High school cliques, on the other hand, are unlikely to contribute positively to moral reasoning development.

Question 7

Overall, the moral reasoning literature suggests that by early adulthood, a minority of people engages in ____________ reasoning.&#10;A) pre-conventional&#10;B) conventional&#10;C) post-conventional&#10;D) ideological

Accepted Answer

The moral reasoning literature suggests that by early adulthood, a minority of people engages in post-conventional reasoning. This level of moral reasoning involves abstract reasoning and the use of personal values and principles to guide decision-making, rather than just following the rules or cultural norms (conventional reasoning) or seeking to avoid punishment or gain rewards (pre-conventional reasoning).

Question 8

Which of the following contexts does research suggest contributes most to young peoples' identity formation?&#10;A) schools, through counseling&#10;B) faith communities, through group prayer&#10;C) families, through certain parenting styles&#10;D) peer groups settings

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that families, particularly through certain parenting styles, play a significant role in young people's identity formation. Parenting styles that are supportive, open to communication, and provide appropriate autonomy are especially influential in helping children develop a sense of self.

Question 9

Overall, the identity formation literature suggests that there are clear distinctions in late-modern societies between those who are proactive in their identity formation and those who are ____________ in their identity formation.

A) preemptive
B) inactive
C) self-efficacious
D) creative

Accepted Answer

The sentence directly states that there are clear distinctions between those who are proactive in their identity formation and those who are "inactive" in their identity formation. Therefore, the correct answer is B. The other options (preemptive, self-efficacious, creative) are not mentioned in the sentence and do not provide an accurate description of individuals who are not proactive in their identity formation.

Question 10

The researcher who pioneered applied developmental science (ADS) is&#10;A) Richard Lerner&#10;B) George Akerlof&#10;C) Daphna Oyserman&#10;D) Meg Jay

Accepted Answer

Richard Lerner is widely recognized as the founder of the field of applied developmental science (ADS). He defined ADS as an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human development that focuses on applying research and theory to address real-world challenges and promote positive outcomes for individuals and communities.

Deck 9: Identity Formation and the Potentials of Human Development